Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams Jeffrey Eldred - - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams Jeffrey Eldred - - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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FERMILAB-SLIDES-19-678-AD Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams Jeffrey Eldred - Fermilab NuFACT 2019 - WG3 August 27th 2019 This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the

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Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

Jeffrey Eldred - Fermilab NuFACT 2019 - WG3 August 27th 2019

FERMILAB-SLIDES-19-678-AD This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics

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Fermilab Neutrino Program History & Future.

Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

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1/30/2020

DUNE Interim Design Report calls for 2.4 MW by 2032.

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DUNE/LBNF – An International Multi-decadal HEP Program

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Fermilab Upcoming Upgrades Now 750kW

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Slip-stacking Accumulation

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Fermilab Upcoming Upgrades PIP-II 1.2MW, starting 2026

PIP-II SRF Linac 0.8 GeV 1.2 MW LBNF Neutrinos to DUNE

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Fermilab Upcoming Upgrades PIP-III 2.4MW, starting 2032

PIP-II SRF Linac 1.0 GeV 1.2 MW LBNF Neutrinos to DUNE

Replace Booster Replace Recycler?

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“PIP-III” : Replace Booster with RCS and/or Linac

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Eldred et al. JINST 2019 –

  • RCS-Option design study: 2.4 MW for DUNE, 440 kW at 11 GeV
  • Proposed new 600 m ring, from 1 GeV to 11 GeV.
  • Establish baseline design with conventional technology,
  • Case study for advanced accelerator techniques.

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Recent Design Study of RCS-Option

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Variants of RCS Scenarios

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With a new 11-GeV Storage ring to replace the Recycler, higher beam power is possible.

  • caveat: LBNF target hall rated for 2.4~MW.

With even greater RCS intensity, slip-stacking is not necessary. What are the ultimate space-charge limits for modern machines?

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Challenges for RCS Design

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J-PARC Precedent for Tune-shift, Power, Collimation

The J-PARC RCS shows intensity of 83e12 protons, 1 MW extracted beam power, -0.30 tune-shift, 0.1 tune-shift per super-period. Hotchi et al. PRAB 2017. Collimators at 3σ aperture of the beam. Total ring acceptance factor of 1.5 on collimator acceptance. We can adopt the same strategy at a much smaller aperture. RCS with -0.35 tune-shift,

  • 0.044 tune-shift per super-period.

with 2nd harmonic cavities, ~0.24 tune-shift.

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Parameters: Laslett Tune-shift:

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H- Foil Heating

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(PIP-II Linac is 2 mA, CW-capable)

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Example Lattice Design

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8-fold periodicity. Small betas to large. Insertion-free drifts. 6.5 m, 2x4.4m 2x2.4 m, 2x1.3m Adequate injection with 2π/3 collimation. Length for RF straights. γT = 14.3

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R&D for High-Power Hadron Rings

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1 H- Laser Strippng 2 High-Power Neutrino Targets 3 Nonlinear Integrable Optics 4 Electron Lens 5 Halo Monitoring

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SNS demonstrated 95% stripping efficiency of a 1 GeV H- beam with 10 μs macropulse duration using a UV laser at 1 MW peak power. “[next]… a doubly resonant optical cavity scheme is being developed to realize a cavity enhancement of burst-mode laser pulses.” With laser-stripping, there is no foil-heating limit on RCS intensity. No scattering from circulating beam  reduced activation at injection.

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1 H- Laser Stripping

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Cousineau et al. PRAB 2017

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2 High-Power Neutrino Targets

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Detailed design of 2.3 MW Be target for neutrino beams.

  • assumes 160 x 1012 proton pulses.

Active area of R&D development – RaDIATE Collaboration.

  • shock test, radiation damage, target design, flux optimization etc.

Davenne et al. PRST-AB 2015

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FAST/IOTA Technology

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I. Complete the construction of IOTA/FAST facility

1) Install and commission IOTA proton injector

2020*

II. Conduct R&D in IOTA with the goal to develop enabling technologies for next-generation facilities 1) Nonlinear Integrable Optics (aim to improve beam stability / losses)

– Phase I – e- beam 2018–2021 – Phase II – p beam 2020–2022

2) Space-charge Compensation (aim to reduce space-charge losses)

– Using electron lens 2020–2023 – Using electron column 2022–2023

IOTA Accelerator and Beam Physics Roadmap

6/10/19 A.Valishev | IOTA/FAST Status and Outlook 19

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FAST/IOTA R&D Facility – Multiple Injectors

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IOTA ring: Integrable Optics Test Accelerator FAST facility: Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology

  • 2018: 300 MeV ILC-tyle electron linac completed.
  • 2019: IOTA ring commissioning completed.
  • Phase I: Beam physics studies using 150 MeV electrons.
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FAST/IOTA R&D Facility – Multiple Injectors

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IOTA ring: Integrable Optics Test Accelerator FAST facility: Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology

  • 2018: 300 MeV ILC-tyle electron linac completed.
  • 2019: IOTA ring commissioning completed.
  • Phase I: Beam physics studies using 150 MeV electrons.
  • 2020: RFQ Proton Injector to be completed.
  • Phase II: Space-charge studies using 2.5 MeV protons.
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FAST/IOTA R&D Facility – Modular Design

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Antipov et al. JINST 2017

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IOTA Technology for high-power hadron-rings. Nonlinear integrable optics

  • single-particle studies with electrons (now)
  • space-charge studies with protons (~2020)

Electron lens

  • space-charge studies with protons (~2020)

Both technologies tested at IOTA over the next several years I will present briefly show simulation results demonstrating the anticipated benefits for Fermilab RCS design.

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IOTA Technologies

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Nonlinear integrable optics: Provides incredible nonlinear focusing without the usual loss in dynamic aperture. Mitigates halo formation and collective effects.

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3 IOTA – Nonlinear Integrable Optics

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Danilov Nagaitsev PRST-AB 2010

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3 RCS – Nonlinear Integrable Optics

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Waterbag beam injected with 20% mismatch Laslett tune-shift of 0.4, equivalent to ~30e12 protons. Beam also stable under large chromatic effects.

Eldred Valishev IPAC 2018

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Electron lens: A versatile particle accelerator device with applications in beam- beam compensation, collimation, nonlinear focusing, and direct space-charge compensation.

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4 IOTA - Electron Lens

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  • G. Stancari
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  • E. Stern

4 RCS – Electron Lens

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5 IOTA Gas-Sheet Halo Monitor

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The relevant losses are often part of the 0.1% beam halo  diagnostics A gas sheet profile monitor being developed by NIU for proton diagnostics at FAST/IOTA. Halo monitoring for nonlinear intense beams. Gas pressure is variable  high-dynamic range with turn-by-turn capability.

  • S. Szustkowski
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DUNE motivates high-power RCS design at Fermilab. Challenges

  • Space-charge
  • Eddy-heating
  • Foil scattering
  • Lattice Design

Valuable Accelerator R&D

  • Super-Periodic Lattice Design.
  • H- Laser Stripping
  • High-Power Neutrino Targets
  • Integrable Optics
  • Electron Lens
  • Halo Monitoring Technology

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Summary

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Backup

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Slip-stacking Accumulation

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RF frequency separation: Momentum separation:

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Slip-stacking Frequencies

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Eldred, Zwaska PRAB 2016

Δf > ~750 Hz for longitudinal stability Δf < ~1680 Hz for PIP-II momentum span For ~600 m RCS 7 Hz < fRCS < 15 Hz

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Slip-stacking & RCS Circumference

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Stacking-Limits:

Odd-Batch Slip-stacking

Batch-gap + kicker-gap

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Even-Batch Slip-stacking:

Batch-gap used as kicker-gap

5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4

Lkick ~ 300 m or 1μs

  • r 53 buckets
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Slip-stacking & RCS Circumference

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Boxcar Stacking & RCS Circumference

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Boxcar Stacking requires ~50% more charge

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RCS Circumference & Main Injector Tune-Shift

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Parameter Table for Efficient Circumferences

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(Estimated)

For MI Tune-shift the RCS energy should be ~11 GeV. Slip-stacking Frequencies: 600m RCS with 15 Hz ramp: Δf = 1590 Hz 660m RCS with 15 Hz ramp: Δf = 1755 Hz

(Estimated)

Efficient Slip-stacking Circumferences:

Δδ ≈ 0.6% ≈ PIP-II

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Beam Power within 60 GeV to 120 GeV Range

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(Assuming Slip-stacking, 11 GeV, 600 m, 15 Hz, 25e12)

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Heating associated with H- Foil Painting

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Beam Distribution during Injection Peak Temperature on corner (PIP-II) Anti-correlated Painting Injection Injection painting scheme chosen to: 1) Minimize foil hits from the circulating beam. 2) Optimize stability of the beam distribution.

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Some Known Challenges: 1. Impedance effects from dipole laminations. 2. Transition-Crossing. 3. Booster magnets. Proton Driver Study, 2003 and Project X, 2010: Both propose multi-MW beam-power in Main Injector by circumventing Booster with an RCS and/or linac.

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Limits on Booster at 13e12 protons (or more!)

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Space-charge Tune-Shift Limit

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“Space-charge Tune-shift” from beam self-field can be used as a generic proxy for intensity of space-charge forces.

  • relativistically-adjusted figure for space-charge density.
  • true tune-shift would incorporate image charges.

After PIP-II, painted injection like most high-power proton facilities. Painted injection means emittance can be varied and we can shrink the beam until we encounter a space-charge limit.

Laslett Tune-shift:

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Vacuum chamber radius a: 2.5 cm Ramp rate: 15 Hz Peak Dipole Field: 1.2 T Vacuum chamber heating power by eddy currents 1.28mm Steel-316: 108 W/m 0.45mm Inconel-625: 33 W/m Conservative air cooling estimate of convective cooling heat transfer coefficient 10-3 W/cm2/K 1.28mm Steel-316: ΔT = 92 K 0.45mm Inconel-625: ΔT = 21 K

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Eddy Currents in Vacuum Chamber

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YBCO-based HTS super-ferric dipole demonstrated >12 T/s. Super-ferric  Less circum. per energy  RF power more efficient. 300m, 2x 15e12 protons, 5Hz boxcar stacking, storage ring = 2.4 MW …or 500m, 2x 28e12 protons, 22 GeV above transition, 7.5Hz, 1.33s

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Fast-ramping Super-ferric Magnets

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Piekarz et al. NIM A 2019