Neuroanatomy II: Systems, Pathways and Tracts Marc Norman, Ph.D., ABPP Amanda Gooding, Ph.D., ABPP Department of Psychiatry Neuropsychology Clinical Training Seminar (NCTS) 1 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
2 Courtesy of Erin Bigler, Ph.D. https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
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Neostriatum or striatum • Caudate + Putamen – Receives all input to BG – Most cortical input is excitatory (glutamate) – Output is GABA 8 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Lentiform • Globus Pallidus + Putamen 9 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
BG Pic 10 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
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Connections • Commisure • Faciculus 12 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Homonculus 13 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Limbic • Homeostasis • Olfaction • Memory • Emotion 14 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Getting � Limbic • Limbic Function Key Structure • Homeostasis, autonomic Hypothalamus & neuroendocrine control • Olfaction Olfactory Cortex • Memory Hippocampal Formation • Emotions and drives Amygdala 15 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Limbic System • Olfaction and regulation of emotions, memory, appetite drives, and autonomic and neuroendocrine control • These areas are interconnected by a variety of pathways, including the fornix - connecting the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus and septal nuclei 16 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Limbic Structures • Medial and anterior • Cingulate gyri temporal lobes • Amygdala • Anterior insula • Medial thalamic nuclei • Inferior medial frontal • Hypothalamus lobes • Septal area • Hippocampal formation • Brainstem • Basal ganglia 17 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Sensory • Posterior Column pathway - proprioception, vibratory, fine touch • Anteriolateral- pain, temperature, and crude touch 18 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Spine: Everyone should get one 20 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Motor Neurons • Upper motor neurons – From cortex to spinal cord or brainstem • Lower motor neuron – Out of CNS via anterior spinal roots (cranial nerves) to muscles in periphery 21 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Crossover • Medulla/spinal cord junction • 85% of motor fibers cross over • Contralateral/ipsalateral 22 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Motor System (medial) • Anterior Corticospinal tract • Vestibulospinal tract • Reticulospinal tract • Tectospinal tract 23 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Corticospinal • Major motor tract • Most important pathway - pyramidal tract • Voluntary movement • From cortex to anterior horn cells in spinal cord 24 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Corticospinal Tract 25 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
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Internal Capsule • Corticospinal/corticobulbar fibers form part of it • From cortex to brainstem = corticobulbar 29 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Rubrospinal Tract • Small, unclear clinically • Rubrospinal tract decussates in the ventral tegmentum at the level of the midbrain to the red nucleus • A portion of the anterior corticospinal tract decussates at the level of the cervical spinal cord, just below the Pyramid 30 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
Rubrospinal • May play role in decorticate posturing 31 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
The End is Here • Repent, for the time is Nigh 32 https://www.cognitivemedicinegroup.com
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