NDN, CoAP, and MQTT: A Comparative Measurement Study in the IoT ACM - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
ndn coap and mqtt a comparative measurement study in the
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

NDN, CoAP, and MQTT: A Comparative Measurement Study in the IoT ACM - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 29, 2023 548 likes •1.12k views

NDN, CoAP, and MQTT: A Comparative Measurement Study in the IoT ACM ICN 2018, Boston Cenk Gndoan 1 Peter Kietzmann 1 Martine Lenders 2 Hauke Petersen 2 Thomas C. Schmidt 1 Matthias Whlisch 2 1 HAW Hamburg 2 Freie Universitt Berlin CoAP

slide-1
SLIDE 1

NDN, CoAP, and MQTT: A Comparative Measurement Study in the IoT

ACM ICN 2018, Boston Cenk Gündoğan1 Peter Kietzmann1 Martine Lenders2 Hauke Petersen2 Thomas C. Schmidt1 Matthias Wählisch2

1HAW Hamburg 2Freie Universität Berlin

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Common IoT Communication

▶ Sensors and actuators connect to clouds

▶ Today mainly based on MQTT

MQTT

Publish–subscribe protocol on TCP Constrained IoT: MQTT-SN on UDP

CoAP

Request–response protocol on UDP IETF solution for constrained IoT

ICN

Promising candidate for future IoT Intensifying attention since 2014

Cloud

report control Sensor nodes

2 / 56

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Common IoT Communication

▶ Sensors and actuators connect to clouds

▶ Today mainly based on MQTT

▶ MQTT

▶ Publish–subscribe protocol on TCP ▶ Constrained IoT: MQTT-SN on UDP

CoAP

Request–response protocol on UDP IETF solution for constrained IoT

ICN

Promising candidate for future IoT Intensifying attention since 2014

Cloud

report control Sensor nodes

3 / 56

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Common IoT Communication

▶ Sensors and actuators connect to clouds

▶ Today mainly based on MQTT

▶ MQTT

▶ Publish–subscribe protocol on TCP ▶ Constrained IoT: MQTT-SN on UDP

▶ CoAP

▶ Request–response protocol on UDP ▶ IETF solution for constrained IoT

ICN

Promising candidate for future IoT Intensifying attention since 2014

Cloud

report control Sensor nodes

4 / 56

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Common IoT Communication

▶ Sensors and actuators connect to clouds

▶ Today mainly based on MQTT

▶ MQTT

▶ Publish–subscribe protocol on TCP ▶ Constrained IoT: MQTT-SN on UDP

▶ CoAP

▶ Request–response protocol on UDP ▶ IETF solution for constrained IoT

▶ ICN

▶ Promising candidate for future IoT ▶ Intensifying attention since 2014

Cloud

report control Sensor nodes

5 / 56

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Research Question How do these protocols perform and which is most appropriate for the IoT?

6 / 56

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Outline

Protocol Overview Metrics & Experiment Setup Evaluation Single-hop: Push vs. Pull Protocols Multi-hop: Reliability and Protocol Performance Conclusion & Outlook

7 / 56

slide-8
SLIDE 8

CoAP GET

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

GET /temp GET /temp 2.05 Content 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

PUT /temp 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

8 / 56

slide-9
SLIDE 9

CoAP GET

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp GET /temp 2.05 Content 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

PUT /temp 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

9 / 56

slide-10
SLIDE 10

CoAP GET

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

PUT /temp 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

10 / 56

slide-11
SLIDE 11

CoAP GET

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

PUT /temp 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

11 / 56

slide-12
SLIDE 12

CoAP GET PUT

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

PUT /temp 21 C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

12 / 56

slide-13
SLIDE 13

CoAP GET PUT

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

X PUT /temp 21◦C PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

13 / 56

slide-14
SLIDE 14

CoAP GET PUT

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

X PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed PUT /temp 21 C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

14 / 56

slide-15
SLIDE 15

CoAP GET PUT

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

X PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21 C . . . 2.05 Content 22 C

15 / 56

slide-16
SLIDE 16

CoAP GET PUT OBS

GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C

GET (c)

X GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C GET /temp 2.05 Content 21◦C PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed

PUT (c)

X PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed PUT /temp 21◦C 2.04 Changed GET /temp [OBS] 2.05 Content 21◦C . . . 2.05 Content 22◦C

16 / 56

slide-17
SLIDE 17

MQTT-SN

CONNECT CONNACK REGISTER /temp REGACK topicid SUBSCRIBE /temp SUBACK

Q0

PUBLISH topicid 21 C

Q1

PUBLISH topicid 21 C PUBLISH topicid 21 C PUBACK

17 / 56

slide-18
SLIDE 18

MQTT-SN

CONNECT CONNACK REGISTER /temp REGACK topicid SUBSCRIBE /temp SUBACK

Q0

PUBLISH topicid 21◦C

Q1

PUBLISH topicid 21 C PUBLISH topicid 21 C PUBACK

18 / 56

slide-19
SLIDE 19

MQTT-SN

CONNECT CONNACK REGISTER /temp REGACK topicid SUBSCRIBE /temp SUBACK

Q0

PUBLISH topicid 21◦C

Q1

X PUBLISH topicid 21◦C PUBLISH topicid 21 C PUBACK

19 / 56

slide-20
SLIDE 20

MQTT-SN

CONNECT CONNACK REGISTER /temp REGACK topicid SUBSCRIBE /temp SUBACK

Q0

PUBLISH topicid 21◦C

Q1

X PUBACK PUBLISH topicid 21◦C PUBLISH topicid 21 C PUBACK

20 / 56

slide-21
SLIDE 21

MQTT-SN

CONNECT CONNACK REGISTER /temp REGACK topicid SUBSCRIBE /temp SUBACK

Q0

PUBLISH topicid 21◦C

Q1

X PUBACK PUBLISH topicid 21◦C PUBLISH topicid 21◦C PUBACK

21 / 56

slide-22
SLIDE 22

ICN NDN

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] Interest /temp/21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

22 / 56

slide-23
SLIDE 23

ICN NDN

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] Interest /temp/21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

23 / 56

slide-24
SLIDE 24

ICN NDN

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] Interest /temp/21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

24 / 56

slide-25
SLIDE 25

ICN NDN

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] Interest /temp/21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

25 / 56

slide-26
SLIDE 26

ICN NDN I-Not

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK] Interest /temp/21 C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

26 / 56

slide-27
SLIDE 27

ICN NDN I-Not

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK] X Interest /temp/21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

27 / 56

slide-28
SLIDE 28

ICN NDN I-Not

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK

X Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21 C Data /temp/21 C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

28 / 56

slide-29
SLIDE 29

ICN NDN I-Not

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK

X Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

29 / 56

slide-30
SLIDE 30

ICN NDN I-Not HoPP

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK

X Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

30 / 56

slide-31
SLIDE 31

ICN NDN I-Not HoPP

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK

X Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21 C

31 / 56

slide-32
SLIDE 32

ICN NDN I-Not HoPP

Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C X Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK

X Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK]

ACK ACK ACK

Interest /temp/21◦C Data /temp/21◦C [ACK] NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C NAM Interest /temp Data /temp 21◦C

32 / 56

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Properties at a Glance

Current IoT Protocols ICN Protocols CoAP MQTT-SN NDN I-Not HoPP GET PUT OBS Transport UDP UDP UDP UDP — — — Push ✘ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✘ ✓ ✘ Pull ✓ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✓ ✘ ✓ Pub/Sub ✘ ✘ ✓ ✓ ✘ ✘ ✓ Flow Control ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✓ ✘ ✓ Reliability (c) (c) ✘ (Q1) ✓ ✓ ✓

33 / 56

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Experimentation

34 / 56

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Implementations

▶ CoAP: gcoap ▶ MQTT-SN: asymcute ▶ On top of UDP/IPv6 ▶ NDN v0.2 ▶ HoPP & I-Not (extensions) ▶ On top of link layer

35 / 56

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Metrics

▶ Network stack sizes ▶ Time to content arrival ▶ Link stress ▶ Goodput ▶ Network utilization (control vs data plane) ▶ Energy consumption ▶ Security overhead

36 / 56

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Metrics

▶ Network stack sizes ▶ Time to content arrival ▶ Link stress ▶ Goodput ▶ Network utilization (control vs data plane) ▶ Energy consumption ▶ Security overhead

37 / 56

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Experiment Setup

IoT-Lab Testbed ARM Cortex-M3 64 kB RAM & 512 kB ROM IEEE 802.15.4 radio CSMA/CA Retransmissions: Link layer: 4 × 2–10 ms Network layer: 4 × 2 s Single-hop ▶ 1 gateway + 1 IoT node Multi-hop ▶ 1 gateway + 50 IoT nodes ▶ Max. hop distance: 6

38 / 56

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Evaluation

39 / 56

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Network Stack Sizes

N D N H

  • P

P I

  • N
  • t

M Q T T

  • S

N C

  • A

P G E T C

  • A

P P U T C

  • A

P O B S 10 20 30 40 50 [KiB] N D N H

  • P

P I

  • N
  • t

M Q T T

  • S

N C

  • A

P G E T C

  • A

P P U T C

  • A

P O B S 10 20 30 40 50 [KiB] App Heap CCN-lite IPv6 OS

ROM RAM

40 / 56

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Time to content arrival for scheduled publishing every 50 ms

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

Push protocols

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

Pull protocols

41 / 56

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Time to content arrival for scheduled publishing every 50 ms

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

MQTT-SN (Q0) MQTT-SN (Q1)

Push protocols

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

Pull protocols

42 / 56

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Time to content arrival for scheduled publishing every 50 ms

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

CoAP OBS CoAP PUT (n) CoAP PUT (c) MQTT-SN (Q0) MQTT-SN (Q1)

Push protocols

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

CoAP GET (n) CoAP GET (c)

Pull protocols

43 / 56

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Time to content arrival for scheduled publishing every 50 ms

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

I-Not CoAP OBS CoAP PUT (n) CoAP PUT (c) MQTT-SN (Q0) MQTT-SN (Q1)

Push protocols

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

CoAP GET (n) CoAP GET (c) NDN HoPP

Pull protocols

44 / 56

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Takeaways

▶ Without network layer repair

▶ Push protocols complete below 10 ms ▶ Pull protocols double completion time

▶ With network layer repair

▶ Reliability layer increases completion time to seconds ▶ Retransmissions may induce additional link stress

45 / 56

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Time to content arrival for unscheduled publishing every [1 … 3] s, content request every 1 s

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

Push protocols

2 4 6 8 10 Time to Completion [s] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

Pull protocols

46 / 56

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Single-hop: Push vs. Pull

Time to content arrival for unscheduled publishing every [1 … 3] s, content request every 1 s

5 10 15 20 Time to Completion [ms] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF

I-Not CoAP OBS CoAP PUT (n) CoAP PUT (c) MQTT-SN (Q0) MQTT-SN (Q1)

Push protocols

2 4 6 8 10 Time to Completion [s] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CDF CoAP GET (n) CoAP GET (c) NDN HoPP

12 14 16 18 20 [ms]

Pull protocols

47 / 56

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Problem of Stateful Forwarding in NDN

▶ Interests arrive at higher rate than content

⇒ Open PIT states accumulate

▶ PIT size very limited in constrained IoT scenario ▶ Two possible strategies:

▶ Discard newly arriving Interests ▶ Overwrite PIT states ⇒ Leads to delays or loss

48 / 56

slide-49
SLIDE 49

Multi-hop: Characteristics

▶ Radio interference ▶ Additional link- & network-layer retransmissions ▶ Higher link stress

49 / 56

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Single-hop vs. Multi-hop: Content Arrival

Single-hop (50 ms) Multi-hop (5 s)

  • Avg. Delay [ms]

Success [%]

  • Avg. Delay [s]

Success [%] Unreliable IP 8.0 97 0.03 57 Reliable IP 305.0 99 3.83 78 I-Not 7.2 100 1.98 68 NDN & HoPP 13.6 100 0.60 98

  • Max. Delay [ms]

Protocol

  • Max. Delay [s]

Protocol Unreliable IP 30.6 CoAP PUT (n) 0.2 CoAP GET (n) Reliable IP 5000.0 CoAP PUT (c) 16.3 CoAP PUT (c) NDN & HoPP 27.9 HoPP 13.7 HoPP

50 / 56

slide-51
SLIDE 51

Single-hop vs. Multi-hop: Content Arrival

Single-hop (50 ms) Multi-hop (5 s)

  • Avg. Delay [ms]

Success [%]

  • Avg. Delay [s]

Success [%] Unreliable IP 8.0 97 0.03 57 Reliable IP 305.0 99 3.83 78 I-Not 7.2 100 1.98 68 NDN & HoPP 13.6 100 0.60 98

  • Max. Delay [ms]

Protocol

  • Max. Delay [s]

Protocol Unreliable IP 30.6 CoAP PUT (n) 0.2 CoAP GET (n) Reliable IP 5000.0 CoAP PUT (c) 16.3 CoAP PUT (c) NDN & HoPP 27.9 HoPP 13.7 HoPP

51 / 56

slide-52
SLIDE 52

Single-hop vs. Multi-hop: Content Arrival

Single-hop (50 ms) Multi-hop (5 s)

  • Avg. Delay [ms]

Success [%]

  • Avg. Delay [s]

Success [%] Unreliable IP 8.0 97 0.03 57 Reliable IP 305.0 99 3.83 78 I-Not 7.2 100 1.98 68 NDN & HoPP 13.6 100 0.60 98

  • Max. Delay [ms]

Protocol

  • Max. Delay [s]

Protocol Unreliable IP 30.6 CoAP PUT (n) 0.2 CoAP GET (n) Reliable IP 5000.0 CoAP PUT (c) 16.3 CoAP PUT (c) NDN & HoPP 27.9 HoPP 13.7 HoPP

52 / 56

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Multi-hop: Link Stress

Link traversal vs. shortest path using a 15 s publishing interval

1 2 3 4 5 6 Loss Retransmissions Shortest Path NDN I-Not HoPP MQTT-SN (Q0) MQTT-SN (Q1) 10 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 CoAP GET (n) 10 20 CoAP GET (c) 10 20 Data Packets per Publish [#] CoAP OBS 10 20 CoAP PUT (n) 10 20 CoAP PUT (c) Hop Count

53 / 56

slide-54
SLIDE 54

Multi-hop: Goodput

Goodput summaries

5 10 15 20 25 30 10 20 NDN theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 HoPP theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 I-Not theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 MQTT-SN (Q0) theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 MQTT-SN (Q1) theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 20 CoAP GET (n) theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 CoAP GET (c) theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 CoAP OBS theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 CoAP PUT (n) theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 CoAP PUT (c) theoretical goodput Goodput [KiB / minutes] Content Publishing Intervall [seconds] 54 / 56

slide-55
SLIDE 55

Multi-hop: Goodput

Goodput summaries for reliable protocols

5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 NDN theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 CoAP GET (c) theoretical goodput 5 10 15 20 25 30 MQTT-SN (Q1) theoretical goodput Goodput [KiB / minutes] Content Publishing Intervall [seconds]

55 / 56

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Conclusion & Outlook

Takeaways

▶ All protocols are challenged by the constrained wireless IoT

▶ Reliable transfer oten fails ▶ End-to-end acknowledgments stress lossy links

▶ NDN and HoPP are most robust and stable

▶ Hop-wise caching enhances transport effjciency ▶ NDN susceptible to PIT state overflow

Future Work

▶ Analyze flow control aspects with controlled cross-traffjc ▶ Deploy protocols with full security features enabled

56 / 56