Morogoro Email: ishengomarc@yahoo.com Presen entat atio ion to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

By Rom

• man

anus C. Isheng hengoma ma Collage of Forestry, wildlife and Tourism Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Email: ishengomarc@yahoo.com Presen entat atio ion to 2nd nd TTC TCS Bioma

• mass

s Worksho kshop p 22 22nd d Novem ember ber 201 016 Dar es es Salaa laam

 Introdu

duction ion

• En

Energ rgy and d develop lopment ment

 Energy

gy sit itua uation tion in in Ta Tanzani ania a

• Fuelw

lwood

• d
• Ch

Charc rcoal al  Charcoal al produc uction tion  Charcoal al transpor sportati ation  Wh Whole lesal sale e and re retail il

 Chall

lleng enges es

 Poli

licy is issues ues

 Th

The way forw rwar ard d

RESEARCH

SUA TaTEDO UDSM MEM MNRT WORLD BANK TFCG & MJUMITA REA, FAO WWF

Confirm the importance

• Information is available from several sources

INT NTRO RODUC UCTIO TION

• Energy

gy is needed ed to fuel eco conom

• mic

c growth th and development. elopment.

• Pov
• verty

rty has a b bearing ing to the typ ype(s) s) and quanti ntities ties

• f en

ener ergy y co consume sumed. d.

• Develope

eloped d eco conom

• mies

es co consum sume more e energy gy per ca capita ta and have ve ca capaci city ty to deve velop lop new sources rces or sec ecure re imports.

• rts.
• Poor
• r co

countri ntries es have ve limite ited d ca capaci city. ty.

country GDP (perca pita in US $) Rank Luxembourg 105,829 1 United States 57,294 8 Japan 37,304 25 Malaysia 9,546 66 China 8,261 75 Nigeria 2,260 133 Kenya 1,522 148 Tanzania 960 160 Mozambique 419 183

105,829 57,294 37,304 9,546 8,261 2,260 1,522 960 419 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

GDP (per capita ta in US $) 2016 16

country

Energy used

Luxembourg 7310 United States 6916 Japan 3570 Malaysia 3020 China 2226 Nigeria 773 Kenya 492 Tanzania 470 Mozambique 407

7310 6916 3570 3020 2226 773 492 470 407

Energy rgy used per capit ita a 2014(kg 4(kg of oil equival ivalen ent t )

Series1

105,829 57,294 37,304 9,546 8,261 2,260 1,522 960 419 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

GDP (per capita ta in US $)2016 016

7310 6916 3570 3020 2226 773 492 470 407 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Energ rgy y used ed per r capit ita 2014 14 (kg of oil l equi uivalent ent /year ear )

country GDP (perca pita in US $) Rank Luxembourg 105,829 1 United States 57,294 8 Japan 37,304 25 Malaysia 9,546 66 China 8,261 75 Nigeria 2,260 133 Kenya 1,522 148 Tanzania 960 160 Mozambique 419 183

18.2 16.4 9.8 8 7.6 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Carbon bon dioxi xide de emission sion in metric ic tons/c s/capit apita a in 2013

country

CO2 emissio n

Luxembourg 18.2 United States 16.4 Japan 9.8 Malaysia 8 China 7.6 Nigeria 0.6 Kenya 0.3 Tanzania 0.2 Mozambique 0.2

• In Tanzani

ania a like e most st deve velopi loping ng co countri ntries, es, solid d biomass mass en ener ergy gy in form rm of wood d fuel el (fuel el wood d & & ch charcoa coal) l) domina minates tes as a s source rce of energy gy

• In 2013, wo

wood d fuel acc ccoun unte ted d for about t 90% of the tota tal l national

• nal energy

gy co consum sumpti ption

• n with

h 2% from m elect ctrici icity ty an and 8% 8% from m pet etrole

• leum

um produc ducts. ts.

Petroleum, Gas 8% Eletricity 2% Biomass source 90%

• In 2015 bioma
• mass

ss energy gy was repor

• rted

ted at 85% of the total al energy gy co consumpti sumption.

• n.

 Major

jor sour

• urce

ce of

• f dome
• mestic

ic ener energy gy in in rur rural al area areas (mo (more re tha than 70 70%

• f
• f

the the Tanzan nzanians) ians)

 Also used

ed in in peri-urb urban an areas eas

 Respirat

iratory

• ry diseas

ases es

 Low thermal

mal efficiency iency of

• f 10

10% (3 stones) es)

 Eff

fficienc iciency can can be be imp improve roved to to 20 20% or

• r

more

 Fuel wood

d is impo portant tant source rce of energy y for fish h drying, ng, brick ck burning ning, tobacco cco curing, ng, tea drying ing local l brewing, ing, school

• ols,

s, bakerie ries, s, hospita pitals, ls, prisons

• ns,

, etc. This situatio ation n will not change ge abruptl uptly

20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Tons

Year

Tanzania zania Tobacc acco productio ction, n, Tons

 Over

Over 2.3 mill million ion to tonne nnes of

• f ch

charcoal rcoal were were consu consumed med in in 2012 2012, predicte cted to to double ble by by 2030 2030 (URT, 2015 2015b).

 Ch

Charcoal rcoal is is taken taken fo for grante ranted becaus because ther there are re so so many many pro producers, ducers, can can be be purcha purchased ed everywher everywhere in in urban urban are reas, as, it it is is alway lways th there ere (unl (unlike ike keros kerosen ene, LPG PG and and elec lectricit ricity), y), bec ecause ause everyone everyone has has th the appl appliances iances to to use use it it

 Used

Used by by majo majorit rity (househ (households lds, poli policy cy makers makers, fro from local local restaurants aurants to to expatr tria iate te deve velopm lopmen ent partne tners rs )

 Is

Is a mass massive ive industry, industry, provi providing ding livel livelihoods ihoods for for thousan thousands ds

• f
• f

peop people le eg eg ch charcoal rcoal prod roducers, ucers, tr transporters ansporters, tr trader aders along along the the supp supply ly cha chain in (gen enerat rates es at at least US US$ 1 billion ion per annum) um)

 Over

Over 300 300,000 000 ru rura ral famil families ies (ov (over er 1 mill million ion rur rural al peop people) le) depend nd on

• n ch

charcoa coal producti duction

• n.

Char harcoa coal productio duction

 Rur

ural al earnings arnings from rom ch charcoal rcoal are re gr grea eater er th than an tho those from from co coffe fee, e, tea ea, co cotton, ton, sugar ar, ca cashews, hews, et etc

 To

To pro produce duce one

• ne ton

ton of

• f ch

charc arcoal al in in the the tradit traditional ional ki kiln ln, 10 10 - 12 12 tons ns of

• f wood are used

 Woo

Wood contained contained 583 83 ha ha of

• f fo

forest est were were requir equired ed da daily ily in in 2012 2012 and is is in in most st ca cases harve rvested sted illegall ally

 Unfo

fortunatel tunately ch charcoal rcoal produce ducers are not organized nized

 Also

lso, charcoa charcoal is is ineff ineffici icien ently tly pro produced duced & us used ed but but also unsustainabl ustainably mana anaged ged

Ch Char arcoal coal tran anspor sportation tation

• Thous
• usands

ands of p people e engag age e in transpor porting ting charco arcoal al from rural al produc ucers ers to u urban an users rs

• Bicyc

ycles les, , motorcycles cycles, trucks cks, , priva ivate te , STK K vehic hicle les s , tr tractors tors, , etc tc are used

• Charcoa

coal l is produce uced d and trans nspor ported ted some metimes times many y kilome

• meters

ters from m urban n ce centre res

Sources of Charcoal for Dar es salaam (2008, Malimbwi and Zahabu,)

• Production usually

located close to access roads

• Transported on a

return trip, after delivery upcountry

Wholes lesali aling ng and retailing …

 Produce

uced d in rural ral areas as and consumed sumed in cities es & t towns.

 There

ere are many charc arcoal

• al wholesa

esalers lers and retaile ilers rs in urban an Tanzan nzania ia (inc nclud luding ing home e delivery very)

 Charcoal

coal is mainly ly used d in urba ban n areas, prima maril rily y by y urban an househol seholds, ds, restaurants, aurants, hotels els.

 The urban

n popul ulation ation is incr creasi asing ng annuall ually y

5 10 15 20 25 30 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

%

Year % of Urban population in Tanzania

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Urban population(x 1000) Year Urban population in Tanzania

 Pr

Producti duction

• n forests

ests where re harvesting rvesting can be condu ducted ted lega gall lly y cove ver r an area a of only 21 million n hec ectar ares, es, of wh which 90 90% is % is cove vered red by wo woodland and (low w producti ductivity vity, , havin ving g MAI I of <1 to 2 2 m3

3 per

r ha)

 In year

ar 2012 there ere was a wood defic icit t of 19 19.5m 5milli lion

• n m3 from

m the e product duction ion forests.

• ests. Th

The e defici cit t increas eases es annually nually & exponenti

• nential

ally ly mainl nly y due e to increasing reasing popu pulation ation. .

 Th

The e wo wood dem eman and d is unsu sustainably stainably me met by

• ve

verharvesting rharvesting in accessib ssible e forests ests and d encroach roachment ment in protected tected forests ests that at are e supposed pposed to be e leg egally y in-access ccessibl ible e for wo wood harvesting rvesting.

Unsus sustainable tainable su supply ply

CHALLENGES

• Characte

cteriz rized d by y very y weak k gove vernan rnance ce and weak law enforce rcement.

• ment. It is almos
• st

t a f free access ss to wood d res esourc urces. es.

• Resulted

ted to forest st degra radati dation

• n and defor
• restat

estation ion

• General

rally, ly, illegal ally ly and unsus sustainab tainably ly harveste vested d mainly nly from m miombo mbo woodla dlands nds without

• ut paym

yments nts bei eing g mad ade e for the e raw aw mat ater eria ial l (wood)

• d),

, an and lice censes nses and levies es largely ely evade ded

• Ineff

fficient icient produc uctio tion n & & utiliz lizatio tion n tech chnologi nologies

• A perception that it is a poor man’s busines

iness, s, considered ‘dirty’ and economically unattractive

• The sect

ctor

• r is inform

rmal, l, almost

• st total

ally ly unregul egulate ated, d, and open n to any y and all who wish h to partici icipate pate in it it.

• Signifi

ificant cant changes ges need to be introd roduced uced to regular lariz ize e and legaliz lize this s sector

• r

• The sect

ctor

• r is

is ch characte cteriz rized by by;

• a multi

titude tude of

• f co

commer mmercial cial playe yers, rs,

• a large number

mber of

• f instit

tituti utional

• nal and polic

icy playe yers rs

• no

no comp compreh ehen ensive, ive, un unifi ified ed nat national ional, regional egional or

• r

loca cal vision, sion, policy cy for the sect ctor

• r.
• various

various law aws, regu egulations lations an and administr administrat ative ive po polici licies es touch ch on

• n wood fuels.
• hard

hardly ly fe featur ature in in nationa ational

• r
• r

loca local po policy licy and and plan anning ning

• Woo

Wood fuel fuel not not consid consider ered ed a “commercial en energy rgy source” like like petrol roleu eum, m, elect ctri ricity, city, gas and co coal.

• It

It is is wrongly rongly viewe viewed as as a “traditional”, “inferior”, as as retrogr etrogressive essive and and en envir vironme

• nmenta

ntally lly destruct destructive, ive, tol tolerat erated ed rathe ather than than en encour courage aged en energy ergy sourc source that that will ill grow grow less ess imp important,

• rtant,

as as ec economi

• nomic

development development

• c
• ccu

curs rs and and “modern” energy gy source rces beco come me more more widely ly availa ilable ble

• Tanzania’s “National St

Strategy rategy fo for Gr Growth

• wth and

and Reduc eductio tion

• f
• f Poverty

Poverty II II (N (NSGRP SGRP II II or

• r MKUK

MKUKUT UTA II)” of

• f July

July 2010 2010 (foll follow

• wing

ing MKU MKUKUTA KUTA I in in 20 2005 05) holds holds the the sa same me vision ision of

• f

Tanzani ania transi nsitio tioning ning from

• m woodf

dfue uels to to “modern fuels”.

• There is

is nothing hing that will ch change nge that quickl ckly.

• At

At cu curr rren ent pr price ices, most most Tanzan Tanzanian ans ca cann nnot

• t afford

afford fuel fuel- sw switching itching since since th the so so-ca called led modern modern so sourc urces es of

• f en

energ ergy are expensiv nsive and the prices ces are always ys incr creasi asing ng.

• On

On the the othe

• ther hand,

and, Tanza anzania ia has has a unique unique opp

• pportunity
• rtunity to

to convert convert its its larg large biomass iomass reso resourc urce ba base se potenti potential al into into a susta tainabl inable and renewa wabl ble energy gy asset

Energy gy source Unit it pric price (TZS) ZS) Nov 2013 2013 KWH/KG KG TZS/KWH KWH equiv En End use cook

• okin

ing) g) effic icie iency TZS/ ZS/kWH WH eq equiv iv (effic ic factor tor Kerosene (per litre) 2000 11.8 169.5 0.4 424 Tanesco electric ricity ity 273 1 297.0 0.7 424 LPG 3kg kg 16600 13.6 406.9 0.6 678 6kg kg 20000 13.6 245.1 0.6 408 15 15kg kg 50000 13.6 245.1 0.6 408 36 36kg kg 122909 13.6 237.8 0.6 396 Charc rcoal

• al Briqu

quet ette tes(pe (per kg) High 800 9.1 87.9 0.15 586 Low 400 9.1 44.0 0.15 293 Charc rcoal

• al (per kg)

Tradit ition ion cook

• k stove

ve 437.5 9.1 48.1 0.15 321 Improve

• ved Charcoa
• al Stove

ve 437.5 9.1 48.1 0.3 160 Fuel wood wood (per kg) Open fire re 150 4.5 33.3 0.1 333 Improve

• ved Stove

ve 150 4.5 33.3 0.2 167

S

 If

If nothing hing is done ne to addres dress s the e rampant mpant deforestation

• restation and

d degrad gradation ation and d no addi diti tional

• nal

plantat ntations ions are e establi ablishe shed, d, the e annual nual deficit it wi will increa rease se ex exponentiall

• nentially

y from m 19 19.5 5 mi million n m3 in in 2012 2012 to 47.2 million n m3 in 2030.

 The envi

vironmental ronmental and d social al impacts ts of this s def eficit cit wi will be e dev evasta astating ing.

 In the Foreword to the National Energy Policy the

Minister states that the “role of the policy is to ‘enhance provision of adequate, reliable and affordable moder ern n energy gy services to Tanzanians in a sustainable manner’ and that the role of MEM is to lead the implementation of the policy”.

 If that is the case, which ministry is responsible for

‘traditional’ energy sources?.

 As part of the transition process, MEM must ensure

sustainable supply of ‘traditional energy’

 Although woody biomass supplies 85 % of the

energy consumed in Tanzania (URT, 2015), unfortunately not one of the 101 policy statements in the 2015 National Energy Policy addresses woodfuel consumption.

 In general there is a significant disconnect between

the way that charcoal is treated in national policies and its economic importance.

 While the National Energy Policy 2015 recognizes

that woodfuel is the most widely used form of energy in Tanzania; fails to provide any policy

• bjectives or statements so as to offer national

guidance on woodfuel.

 The well intended policy aim to shift Tanzania

towards electricity and fossil fuels.

 However this will take at least the next 10 – 20

• years. In that period, the majority of Tanzanians

will continue to depend on woodfuel for cooking.

 Thus the policy fails to provide much-needed

policy guidance on sustainable energy supplies for the majority of rural and urban households (in the transition period which is also likely to be the life span of the policy). The policy should also provide clear guidance on how to manage the present situation.

 Promotion of rural electrification by the policy, be

looked primarily in the context of lighting and rural enterprise development rather than for domestic cooking.

Asante sana