Modeling the dynamics of use and acquisition in language change . - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. .

Modeling the dynamics of use and acquisition in language change

Christopher Ahern

University of Pennsylvania

March 2, 2015

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 1 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . Hé wæs endesaéta aégwearde héold þé on land Dena láDra naénig mid scipherge sceDþan ne meahte “Nó hér cúDlícor cuman

• ngunnon lindhæbbende né gé léafnesword gúDfremmendra gearwe

ne wisson mága gemédu naéfre ic máran geseah eorla ofer eorþan Donne is éower sum, secg on searwum nis þæt seldguma waépnum geweorDad næfne him his wlite léoge, aénlic ansýn!"

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 2 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . Hé wæs endesaéta aégwearde héold þé on land Dena láDra naénig mid scipherge sceDþan NEGATION meahte “Nó hér cúDlícor cuman

• ngunnon lindhæbbende né gé léafnesword gúDfremmendra gearwe

NEGATION wisson mága gemédu naéfre ic máran geseah eorla ofer

eorþan Donne is éower sum, secg on searwum nis þæt seldguma waépnum geweorDad næfne him his wlite léoge, aénlic ansýn!"

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 2 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . 1200 . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . . 1200 . . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . . 1200 . . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. . 400 . 800 . . 1200 . . 1600 . 2000 . . ... . Old English . Middle English .

• E. Modern

English . Modern English . Ic ne secge . I ne seye not . I say not . I do not say .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG .

NEG V

. 1100 . 1500 . Jespersen’s Cycle

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Jespersen’s Cycle

(Van Gelderen 2008; Willis, Lucas, and Breitbarth 2013)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 4 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Jespersen’s Cycle

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(Data from Penn Corpora of Historical English, Kroch and Taylor 2000)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 5 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Jespersen’s Cycle

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(Data from Penn Corpora of Historical English, Kroch and Taylor 2000)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 5 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Jespersen’s Cycle

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(Data from Penn Corpora of Historical English, Kroch and Taylor 2000)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 5 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Language Change

. Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1 . Data n+1 . .

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 6 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Acquisition

. . Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1

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Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Acquisition

. . Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 7 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Acquisition

. . Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 7 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Acquisition

. . Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 7 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Language Change

. Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1 . Data n+1 . . Acquisition .

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 8 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Use

. . Grammar n . Grammar n . Data n

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 9 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Use

. . Grammar n . Grammar n . Data n

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 9 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Use

. . Grammar n . Grammar n . Data n

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 9 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Language Change

. Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1 . Data n+1 . . U s e . Acquisition .

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 10 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Language Change

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 11 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 12 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 13 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

NEG V → NEG V NEG

. .

1

Pragmatic conditions . .

2

Experimental evidence . .

3

Information transmission

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 14 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Information Structure

. . ...the post-verbal negative element is heavily regulated by information-structural factors, and specifically by the discourse-old status of the denied proposition. (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 15 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Status

DISCOURSE NEW DISCOURSE OLD NEG V NEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 16 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Status

DISCOURSE NEW DISCOURSE OLD NEG V

✓

NEG V NEG

#

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 16 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Status

DISCOURSE NEW DISCOURSE OLD NEG V

✓ ✓

NEG V NEG

# ✓

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 16 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse New

Husband and wife expected the plumber to come fix their leaky faucet while they were at work during the day. Husband arrives home before his wife to find a still leaky faucet. Wife arrives home shortly and husband says: . . (1) O The bombeiro plumber

NÃO

neg VEIO. came “The plumber didn’t come." (2) #O The bombeiro plumber

NÃO

neg VEIO came

NÃO.

neg “The plumber didn’t come." Brazilian Portuguese (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 17 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Old

...Wife arrives home shortly and asks husband: . . (3) O The bombeiro plumber veio came hoje? today “Did the plumber come today?" (4) a. O bombeiro NÃO VEIO. b. O bombeiro NÃO VEIO NÃO. Brazilian Portuguese (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 18 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Inferrable

...Wife arrives home and points quizzically at sink: . . (5) a. O bombeiro NÃO VEIO. b. O bombeiro NÃO VEIO NÃO. Brazilian Portuguese (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 19 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Synchronic

DISCOURSE NEW DISCOURSE OLD NEG V

✓ ✓

NEG V NEG

# ✓

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 20 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Communication

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 21 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Communication

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 22 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

. . (Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 23 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

. . Two pairs of friends (or spouses) sat back to back (Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 23 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

. . Two pairs of friends (or spouses) sat back to back Read 10 four-way ambiguous sentences out loud (Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 23 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

. . Two pairs of friends (or spouses) sat back to back Read 10 four-way ambiguous sentences out loud Speakers have one of four intended meanings (, ,...) (Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 23 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

. . Two pairs of friends (or spouses) sat back to back Read 10 four-way ambiguous sentences out loud Speakers have one of four intended meanings (, ,...) Hearers guess intended meaning from four (, ,...) (Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 23 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

. . Two pairs of friends (or spouses) sat back to back Read 10 four-way ambiguous sentences out loud Speakers have one of four intended meanings (, ,...) Hearers guess intended meaning from four (, ,...) Speakers estimate how many sentences hearers got right (Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 23 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

What have you been up to...

(Savitsky et al. 2011)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 24 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Don’t talk about pink elephants!

(Wardlow Lane, Groisman, and Ferreira 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 25 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Don’t talk about pink elephants!

(Wardlow Lane, Groisman, and Ferreira 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 26 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Communication

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 27 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Discourse Game

. t ∈ T . t0 : DISCOURSE NEW . s : P(T) → M . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO

. r : M → A . a ∈ A . a0 : DISCOURSE NEW . t1 : DISCOURSE OLD . O bombeiro

NÃO VEIO NÃO

. a1 : DISCOURSE OLD p : The plumber came. (Ahern and Clark Under Revision)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 28 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 29 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. .

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

. t . t +b . b p : The plumber came.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 30 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. .

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

. t . t +b . b p : The plumber came.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 30 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. .

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

. t . t +b . b p : The plumber came.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 30 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

. .

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

. t . t +b . b p : The plumber came.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 30 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Information Transmission

0.0 0.5 1.0 Action taken by Receiver Utility UR US b

. . US(t,a) = −(a−t −(1−t)b)2 UR(t,a) = −(a−t)2 (1) (Crawford and Sobel 1982)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 31 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

.

DISCOURSE NEW

.

DISCOURSE OLD

.

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. aNEG V . aNEG V NEG . b .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. b . aNEG V . aNEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 32 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Time pneg V neg b > 1 4

(Discrete-time replicator dynamics, Taylor and Jonker 1978)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 33 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 34 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

NEG V → NEG V NEG

. .

1

Pragmatic conditions: NEG V NEG is sensitive to discourse status . .

2

Experimental evidence: speakers over-estimate discourse status . .

3

Information transmission: bias leads to increase in NEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 35 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 36 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 37 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

NEG V NEG → V NEG

. .

1

Variational learning . .

2

Negative evidence . .

3

Phonetic weight

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 38 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Variational Learning

. . Given input from environment E, learner chooses grammar Gi with probability pi: If Gi → s then { p′

i = pi +γ(1−pi)

p′

j = (1−γ)pj

∀j ̸= i (2) If Gi ↛ s then { p′

i = (1−γ)pi

p′

j = γ N−1 +(1−γ)pj

∀j ̸= i (3) (Yang 2000)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 39 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negation

. α . Gne . β . Gnot .

NEG V

.

NEG V NEG

. V NEG (Rowlett 1998; Wallage 2008)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 40 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . Gnot . pne . pnot . Gne . α .

NEG V

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . 1−α .

NEG V NEG

. Gne . ⇑ pne ⇓ pnot . Gnot . ⇓ pne ⇑ pnot . limt→∞ pnot =

pnotβ pneα+pnotβ

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 41 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Time pnot β α < 1

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 42 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Time pnot β α > 1

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 43 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

.

NEG V → NEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 44 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

. α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

.

NEG V → NEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 44 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

Period α β

β α

ne V not 1150-1250 1250-1350 1350-1420 1420-1500 (Data from Wallage 2008)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 45 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

Period α β

β α

ne V not 1150-1250 370 40 .108 277 1250-1350 1350-1420 1420-1500 (Data from Wallage 2008)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 45 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

Period α β

β α

ne V not 1150-1250 370 40 .108 277 1250-1350 137 65 .474 490 1350-1420 1420-1500 (Data from Wallage 2008)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 45 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

Period α β

β α

ne V not 1150-1250 370 40 .108 277 1250-1350 137 65 .474 490 1350-1420 75 1799 23.986 236 1420-1500 (Data from Wallage 2008)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 45 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Negative evidence

Period α β

β α

ne V not 1150-1250 370 40 .108 277 1250-1350 137 65 .474 490 1350-1420 75 1799 23.986 236 1420-1500 51 1704 33.411 18 (Data from Wallage 2008)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 45 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 46 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. . Sometimes it seems as if the essential thing were

• nly to increase the phonetic bulk of the adverb...

(Jespersen 1917)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 47 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

.

NEG V → NEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 48 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

.

NEG V → NEG V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 48 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

.

NEG V → (1−ε)NEG V NEG +εV NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 48 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. . α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

. (1−ε)NEG V NEG +εV NEG → V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 48 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. . α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

. (1−ε)NEG V NEG +εV NEG → V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 48 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Phonetic weight

. . α . Gne .

NEG V

. β . Gnot . V NEG .

NEG V NEG

. (1−ε)NEG V NEG +εV NEG → V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 48 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

NEG V NEG → V NEG

. .

1

Variational learning: selection of grammars given environment . .

2

Negative evidence: increase in NEG V NEG changes environment . .

3

Phonetic weight: perception shifts evidence towards V NEG

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 49 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 50 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 51 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(SELECTION) (SELECTION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 52 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection

2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Time pneg V neg b > 1 4

2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Time pnot β α > 1

(Blythe and Croft 2012)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 53 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 54 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection?

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Time Proportion

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Time Proportion

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 55 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection?

Drift Selection

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Time Proportion

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Time Proportion

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 56 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection?

NEG V → NEG V NEG NEG V NEG → V NEG

H0 Drift Drift H1 Selection Selection

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 57 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

(Methods from Feder, Kryazhimskiy, and Plotkin 2014)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 58 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection

NEG V → NEG V NEG NEG V NEG → V NEG

H0 Drift Drift H1 Selection Selection t(5) = 2.3609 t(5) = 1.7404 p = .0387 p = .0766

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 59 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Selection

NEG V → NEG V NEG NEG V NEG → V NEG

H0 Drift Drift H1 Selection ✓ Selection ✓ t(5) = 2.3609 t(5) = 1.7404 p = .0387 p = .0766

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 59 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1200 1300 1400 1500

Year Proportion

NEG V → NEG V NEG → V NEG

(USE) (ACQUISITION)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 60 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Language Change

. Grammar n . Data n . Grammar n+1 . Data n+1 . . U s e . Acquisition .

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 61 / 62

Introduction Use Acquisition Selection Conclusion

Language Change

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 62 / 62

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Thank you!

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 1 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

References I

[1] Christopher Ahern and Robin Clark. “Conflict, Cheap Talk, and Jespersen’s Cycle”. In: Semantics and Pragmatics (Under Revision). [2] John Austin. How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962. [3] Richard A Blythe and William Croft. “S-curves and the mechanisms of propagation in language change”. In: Language 88.2 (2012),

• pp. 269–304.

[4] Vincent P Crawford and Joel Sobel. “Strategic information transmission”. In: Econometrica (1982), pp. 1431–1451. [5] Gilles Fauconnier. “Pragmatic scales and logical structure”. In: Linguistic inquiry (1975), pp. 353–375.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 2 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

References II

[6] Alison F Feder, Sergey Kryazhimskiy, and Joshua B Plotkin. “Identifying signatures of selection in genetic time series”. In: Genetics 196.2 (2014), pp. 509–522. [7] Michael Israel. “The rhetoric of grammar: Scalar reasoning and polarity sensitivity”. PhD thesis. University of California, San Diego, 1998. [8] Otto Jespersen. Negation in English and other Languages. Copenhagen: Host, 1917. [9] Paul Kiparsky and Cleo Condoravdi. “Tracking Jespersen’s Cycle”. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory. Ed. by Mark Janse. Myteline: University of Patras, 2006. [10] Manfred Krifka. “The semantics and pragmatics of polarity items”. In: Linguistic analysis 25.3-4 (1995), pp. 209–257.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 3 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

References III

[11] Anthony Kroch and Ann Taylor, eds. Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English Second Edition. 2000. [12] Fred Landman. Structures for semantics. Springer, 1991. [13] David Lewis. “General semantics”. In: Synthese 22.1 (1970),

• pp. 18–67.

[14] Paul Rowlett. Sentential negation in French. Oxford University Press, 1998. [15] Kenneth Savitsky et al. “The closeness-communication bias: Increased egocentrism among friends versus strangers”. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47.1 (2011), pp. 269–273.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 4 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

References IV

[16] Scott A Schwenter. “Fine-tuning Jespersen’s cycle”. In: Drawing the boundaries of meaning: Neo-Gricean studies in pragmatics and semantics in honour of Laurence R. Horn. Ed. by Betty T. Birner and Gregory Ward. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2006, pp. 327–344. [17] Peter D. Taylor and Leo B. Jonker. “Evolutionary stable strategies and game dynamics”. In: Mathematical biosciences 40.1 (1978),

• pp. 145–156.

[18] Gunnel Tottie. Negation in English speech and writing: a study in

• variation. New York: Academic Press, 1991.

[19] Elly Van Gelderen. “Negative cycles”. In: Linguistic Typology 12.2 (2008), pp. 195–243.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 5 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

References V

[20] Phillip Wallage. “Functional differentiation and grammatical competition in the English Jespersen Cycle”. In: Journal of Historical Syntax 2.1 (2013). [21] Phillip Wallage. “Jespersen’s cycle in Middle English: parametric variation and grammatical competition”. In: Lingua 118.5 (2008),

• pp. 643–674.

[22] Liane Wardlow Lane, Michelle Groisman, and Victor S Ferreira. “Don’t talk about pink elephants! Speakers’ control over leaking private information during language production”. In: Psychological science 17.4 (2006), pp. 273–277. [23] David Willis, Christopher Lucas, and Anne Breitbarth, eds. The history

• f negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. Oxford

University Press, 2013.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 6 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

References VI

[24] Charles Yang. “Internal and external forces in language change”. In: Language variation and change 12.03 (2000), pp. 231–250.

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 7 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Emphasis

. . But in most cases the addition serves to make the negative more impressive as being more vivid or picturesque, generally through an exaggeration, as when substantives meaning something very small are used as subjuncts. (Jespersen 1917)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 8 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

It’s all Greek...

. . Emphatic negation tends to increase in frequency due to pragmatically motivated

• veruse which is characteristic of inherently

bounded evaluative scales...an obligatory element cannot be emphatic, for to emphasize everything is to emphasize nothing. (Kiparsky and Condoravdi 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 9 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

It’s all Greek...

PLAIN EMPHATIC SOURCE

ου...τι ου-δε...εν Ancient Greek (ου)δεν...τι δεν...τιποτε Early Medieval Greek δεν...τιποτε δεν... πραμα Greek Dialects δεν...πραμα δεν...απαντοξη Modern Cretan (Kiparsky and Condoravdi 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 10 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Scales

(Fauconnier 1975; Israel 1998)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 11 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Standards

(Austin 1962; Lewis 1970; Landman 1991; Krifka 1995)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 12 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Standards

(Austin 1962; Lewis 1970; Landman 1991; Krifka 1995)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 13 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 14 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Discourse Status

DISCOURSE NEW

INFERRABLE

DISCOURSE OLD NEG V

✓ ✓ ✓

NEG V NEG

# ✓ ✓ V NEG # # ✓ Brazilian Portuguese (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 15 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Inferrable

. . Two colleagues meet in the hallway: (6) Você you gostou liked da the palestra talk da

• f

Maria? Maria “Did you like Maria’s talk?" (7) NÃO neg FUI went

NÃO.

neg “I didn’t go." (8) #FUI went

NÃO.

neg “I didn’t go." Brazilian Portuguese (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 16 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Discourse Old

. . Two colleagues meet in the hallway: (9) Você you gostou liked da the palestra talk da

• f

Maria? Maria “Did you like Maria’s talk?" (10) NÃO neg GOSTEI liked

NÃO.

neg “I didn’t like it." (11) GOSTEI liked

NÃO.

neg “I didn’t like it." Brazilian Portuguese (Schwenter 2006)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 17 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

Prior Distribution

T Density 1

DISCOURSE NEW

INFERRABLE

DISCOURSE OLD

1150-1250 393 203 52 1250-1350 346 296 42 1350-1420 294 179 60

(Wallage 2013) (Schwenter 2006; Tottie 1991)

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 18 / 19

References Emphasis Discourse Dynamics Drift

do-support

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Year Proportion do

Type

• Aff. Q.
• Neg. Decl.
• Neg. Imp.
• Neg. Q.

N 100 200 300

Ahern (UPENN) Use, Acquisition, and Change March 2, 2015 19 / 19