Model Aquatic Health Code Network Webinar In Indoor Air ir Qualit - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Model Aquatic Health Code Network Webinar In Indoor Air ir Qualit - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Welcome to the Model Aquatic Health Code Network Webinar In Indoor Air ir Qualit ity and Swimmin ing Facili ilities Featured Presenter: : Ernest R. . Blatchley II III, I, Ph.D .D Tuesday, January 22, 2018 Join the MAHC Network! Email

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Welcome to the

Model Aquatic Health Code Network Webinar

In Indoor Air ir Qualit ity and Swimmin ing Facili ilities

Featured Presenter: : Ernest R. . Blatchley II III, I, Ph.D .D Join the MAHC Network! Email MAHCnet@naccho.org and request to be added to the mailing list. Please use your computer speakers to listen to today’s presentation. Questions may be submitted via the chat box. This webinar is being recorded. We will begin at 1:30 PM Eastern.

Tuesday, January 22, 2018 Thank you for your interest and attendance!

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MAHC NETWORK CMAHC UPDATES January 22, 2019

Douglas Sackett, Executive Director Council for the Model Aquatic Health Code

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CMAHC UPDATES:

▪ CMAHC Ad Hoc Committee Update-

▪ Indoor Aquatic Facility Ventilation Design and Air Quality

▪ Membership

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Indoor Aquatic Facility Air Quality

❑ Issue

▪ Poor indoor air quality has increasingly been linked to health effects ▪ Increased reporting of health events ▪ Large indoor facilities have proliferated ▪ Bather exposure times longer in these facilities ▪ Does not appear that ventilation standards are adequate to keep up with aquatics needs

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CMAHC UPDATES Ad Hoc Committee

❑ Indoor Aquatic Facility Ventilation Design and Air Quality

▪ Chair: Ralph Kittler, Seresco ▪ Members: Michael Beach, CDC Douglas Sackett, CMAHC Chip Blatchley, Purdue University Jason Schallock, Anderson Poolworks Jeff Nodorft, Councilman-Hunsaker Stephen Springs, Brinkley Sargent Wiginton Architects James Harrison, GMB HVAC and pool water filtration designer Harry Milliken, retired from Desert-Aire Gary Lochner, Innovent Sandy Kellogg, Fairfax County Park Authority Don Baker, Paddock Pools

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CMAHC UPDATES Ad Hoc Committee

❑ Indoor Aquatic Facility Ventilation Design and Air Quality ▪ Objectives and Outcomes

▪ Identify and assess the factors affecting air quality at indoor aquatic facilities, including: – Air handling/air distribution system design, effectiveness, and operation – Water quality/water chemistry – Pool water treatment operation and maintenance – Pool types (flat water, agitated water, water features, hot water) » Evaporation rate calculation. – Bather load – Spectator areas

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CMAHC UPDATES Ad Hoc Committee

❑ Indoor Aquatic Facility Ventilation Design and Air Quality ▪ Objectives and Outcomes (continued)

  • Review and evaluate current Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC)

requirements to determine if identified factors affecting air quality are adequately addressed.

  • Develop revisions to the MAHC design and operational

standard/best practice recommendations and corresponding Annex content to address ventilation/air quality design and

  • perational criteria, as appropriate
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SLIDE 8

CMAHC UPDATES Membership

▪ Renew your membership for the 2018-2020 Conference Cycle or join for the 1st time! (memberships expired Nov. 2017)

▪ https://cmahc.org/membership-signup-form.php

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MAHC More Information: Search on “CDC MAHC” or visit the Healthy Swimming MAHC Website: www.cdc.gov/mahc Email: mahc@cdc.gov CMAHC More Information: Search on “CMAHC”

  • r visit the CMAHC Website:

www.cmahc.org Email: info@cmahc.org

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Contact Information

Doug Sackett Executive Director, CMAHC E-mail: DouglasSackett@cmahc.org Phone: 678-221-7218

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Indoor Air Quality in Swimming Facilities

Ernest R. Blatchley III, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, F. ASCE Lee A. Rieth Professor in Environmental Engineering Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering Purdue University blatch@purdue.edu Presented as a Webinar for the Council for the Model Aquatic Health Code 22 January 2019

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Overview

  • Background/motivation
  • Why do we chlorinate pools?
  • DBPs in pools and their

precursors

  • Health effects of DBP exposure

in pools

  • Effects of swimmers on indoor

air quality (IAQ)

  • Physics of DBP transfer from

water to air

  • Planned research
  • Scope of work
  • Methods
  • Pool selection
  • Modeling
  • Expected outcomes
  • Relationship to other IAQ in
  • ther facility types
  • Q&A

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Swimming as Exercise, Recreation, Therapy

  • Second most common form of

exercise in the U.S.

  • Benefits
  • Cardiovascular health
  • Fitness
  • Used as therapy for a wide range
  • f medical conditions

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Water Management Systems for Pools

  • Physical separation for particles
  • Filter
  • Membranes
  • Disinfection/Oxidation
  • Chlorine is most common
  • Alternatives
  • UV
  • Ozone
  • Monopersulfate
  • Combinations

Image from: https://www.inyopools.com/Blog/how-a-swimming-pool-works/

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Chlorination of Swimming Pools

Advantages

  • Effective against bacteria,

viruses

  • Powerful oxidant
  • Inexpensive, simple to use

Disadvantages

  • Ineffective against protozoa,

especially Cryptosporidium

  • Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs)
  • E. coli O157:H7

Image from: https://www.researchgat e.net/figure/E-Coli- CDC_fig1_311753193

Human Norovirus

Image from: Kniel (2014) “The makings of a good human norovirus surrogate,” Current Opinion in Virology, 4, 85-90.

Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst

Image from: https://esemag.com/archive/0103/crypto. html From: Hlavsa et al. (2015) “Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Recreational Water – United States, 2011-2012, MMWR, 64, 24, 668-672.

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DBPs in Pools

  • > 100 DBPs identified
  • Include volatile and non-volatile

(polar and ionic) forms

  • Volatile DBPs
  • Inorganic chloramines (NH2Cl, NHCl2,

NCl3)

  • Organic chloramines (CH3NCl2)
  • THMs (CHCl3, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, CHBr3)
  • Halogenated nitriles (CNCl, CNBr,

CNCHCl2)

  • Present in all chlorinated pools

From: Weaver et al. (2009) “Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools,” Water Research, 43, 13, 3308-3318.

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SLIDE 17
  • Only trace quantities of NH3 in pools
  • Reduced-N in pools
  • Urine
  • Sweat
  • Urea
  • Creatinine
  • Uric acid
  • Amino acids

Inorganic Chloramines in Pools: Where Do They Come From?

Uric Acid 3.0 mmol/d Urea 343 mmol/d Creatinine 12.9 mmol/d Arginine 0.025 mmol/d Glycine 1.80 mmol/d

Free Amino Acids: 5.7 mmol/d

Histidine 1.10 mmol/d

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Sources of DBP Precursors in Pools

  • Urine
  • 30-35 mL/Bather (Gunkel and Jessen, 1986)

(0.6-0.7 g Urea/Swimmer)

  • 60-78 mL/Bather (Erdinger et al., 1997)

(1.3-1.7 g Urea/Swimmer)

  • Sweat
  • Production is Highly Variable
  • Competitive Swimmers:  1 L/Person/Hour

(1.5 g Urea/Swimmer/hr)

  • Less for others
  • Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) – Skin
  • Attract and Retain Water from Atmosphere
  • Amino Acids, Urea, Lactate, …
  • Easily Removed from Skin with Water

(0.2 g Urea/Swimmer)

Based on values reported by Institute of Sport and Recreation Management (ISRM, 2009)

Image from: https://jezebel.com/5914953/an-anonymous- interview-with-a-grown-man-who-pees-in-the-pool

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Health Effects Associated with Chemical Exposure in Chlorinated Pools

Bernard et al. (2009) “Impact of Chlorinated Swimming Pool Attendance

  • n the Respiratory Health of Adolescents,”

Pediatrics, 124, 4, 1110-1118. “CONCLUSIONS. Our data suggest that infant swimming practice in chlorinated indoor swimming pools is associated with airways changes that, along with other factors, seem to predispose children to the development of asthma and recurrent bronchitis.”

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Health Effects Associated with Chemical Exposure in Chlorinated Pools

Bougault et al. (2009) “The Respiratory Health of Swimmers,” Sports Med., 39, 4, 295-312.

“Although swimming is generally beneficial to a person’s

  • verall health, recent data suggest that it may also

sometimes have detrimental effects on the respiratory

  • system. Chemicals resulting from the interaction between

chlorine and organic matter may be irritating to the respiratory tract and induce upper and lower respiratory symptoms, particularly in children, lifeguards and high-level

  • swimmers. The prevalence of atopy, rhinitis, asthma and

airway hyper-responsiveness is increased in elite swimmers compared with the general population.”

Fantuzzi et al. (2013) “Airborne trichloramine (NCl3) levels and self-reported health symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers: dose-response relationships,” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 23, 88-93.

“In conclusion, this study shows that lifeguards and trainers experience ocular and respiratory irritative symptoms more frequently than employees not exposed. Irritative symptoms become significant starting from airborne NCl3 levels of 40.5 mg/m3, confirming that the WHO-recommended value can be considered protective in occupational exposure to airborne NCl3 in indoor swimming pools.”

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SLIDE 21

Chiu et al. (2017), “Respiratory and Ocular Symptoms Among Employees of an Indoor Waterpark Resort — Ohio, 2016,” MMWR, 66 66, 37, 986-989.

  • July 2015: complaints of respiratory

and ocular symptoms

  • January 2016: site visit
  • Survey of employees
  • Water, air quality measurements
  • Chloramines in water*
  • Endotoxin, microbial causes unlikely
  • HVAC system problems

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SLIDE 22

Health Effects Associated with Chemical Exposure in Chlorinated Pools

  • Respiratory Problems
  • Research in US, Europe
  • > 100 Articles Since 1976
  • Asthma, Other Adverse Respiratory Endpoints
  • Children
  • Elite Athletes
  • Swimming Instructors and Lifeguards
  • Swimming Often Prescribed for Asthmatics
  • Bladder Cancer (Villanueva et al. [2007] American

Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 148-156).

  • Linked to THM Exposure
  • Swimming Enhanced Risk
  • Eye Irritation

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Effects of Swimmers on Gas-Phase NCl3

Date, Time 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27 8/3 Bather Loading 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Gas-phase NCl3 Concentration (mg/m3) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Bather Loading Gas-Phase NCl3

WHO (2006) NCl3 Guideline Bernard et al. (2006) NCl3 Guideline 23

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SLIDE 24

Time

13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00

Bather Number

10 20 30 40 50 60

NCl3 Concentration (mg/m3)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Total NCl3 Concentration - Pool Deck NCl3 Concentration - 1.6 m Above Deck WHO (2006) NCl3 Guideline Bernard et al. (2006) NCl3 Guideline

Effects of Swimmers on Gas-Phase NCl3

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SLIDE 25

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Relative Humidity (%)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65

[NCl3] (mg/m

3)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Bather Load

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 NCl3 Bather Load

[CO2] (ppmv)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Date

11/27/17 11/28/17 11/29/17 11/30/17 12/1/17 12/2/17 12/3/17 12/4/17

[VOC] (ppbv)

20 40 60 80

IAQ Monitoring Data

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Gas-Liquid Transfer: Two-Film Model

Liquid Film Gas Film

NCl3(aq) NCl3(g)

l g O H L

k Hk RTC K 1 1

2 +

=

Overall Resistance Liquid-Film Resistance Gas-Film Resistance

Diffusion (liquid) Diffusion (gas)

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Gas-Liquid Transfer: Two-Film Model

Liquid Film Gas Film

l g O H L

k Hk RTC K 1 1

2 +

=

Overall Resistance Liquid-Film Resistance

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Compound Typical Liquid- Phase Concentration (mg/L) Henry’s Law Constant (atm) Equilibrium Gas- Phase Concentration (mg/m3) Reported Gas-Phase Concentration (mg/m3) HOCl 1.2 0.060 0.053 N.A Cl2 0.000012 767 0.0067 N.A NH2Cl 0.30 0.45 0.10 N.A NHCl2 0.10 1.52 0.11 N.A NCl3 0.070 435 23 0.1-0.7 CHCl3 0.080 185 11 0.009-0.058 CHBr2Cl 0.0040 57.3 0.17 0.002-0.003 CHBr3 0.0010 21.5 0.016 0.0008 CNCl 0.0030 108 0.24 N.A CNCHCl2 0.00080 0.21 0.00013 N.A CH3NCl2 0.020 154 2.3 0.016-0.07

From: Weng, S.C.; Weaver, W.A.; Afifi, M.Z.; Blatchley, T.N.; Cramer, J.; Chen, J.; Blatchley III, E.R. (2011) “Dynamics of Gas-phase Trichloramine (NCl3) in Chlorinated, Indoor Swimming Pool Facilities,” Indoor Air, 21, 5, 391-399.

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Fraction of Total Gas-Transfer Resistance In Liquid-Phase: Two-Film Model

H (atm)

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Liquid Resistance/Total Resistance (KL/ )

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 = 0.05 Equal Resistance

HOCl CNCHCl2 NH2Cl NHCl2 CHBr3 CHBr2Cl CNCl CH3NCl2 CHCl3 NCl3 Cl2 Rn

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Factors that Affect Air Quality in Indoor Pool Facilities

  • Water chemistry
  • Mixing in liquid phase

(swimmers, spray features)

  • Mixing in gas phase (HVAC

system design, operation)

  • Water treatment, management

practices

  • But ... quantitative

understanding is lacking

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Study Objectives

  • Define relationships among design, operational parameters of

swimming pools and IAQ

  • NCl3 as a sentinel compound
  • Proxy measurements
  • Define (quantitatively) mass transfer rates associated with mixing
  • Baseline conditions
  • Swimmers
  • Water features
  • Develop recommendations for facility design and operation to

improve IAQ

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Project Scope

Phase I (6 months)

  • Collaboration with Michigan State

University (College of Medicine)

  • Water Chemistry
  • Air Chemistry
  • Pool Characteristics
  • Water treatment
  • HVAC
  • Bather Load
  • Human Physiology
  • Competition Pools
  • Before/during competitions
  • Effects of heavy bather load

Phase II (12 months)

  • Water Chemistry
  • Air Chemistry
  • Pool Characteristics
  • Water treatment
  • HVAC
  • Bather Load
  • Expand Range of Pool Types
  • Therapy pools
  • Splash parks
  • Broad Geographic Distribution
  • Pool Selection by 2-Stage Survey

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Measurements

Water Quality

  • Urea (digestion, colorimetric)
  • TOC
  • pH
  • Residual chlorine (DPD/KI)
  • T
  • Volatile DBPs (MIMS)

Air Quality

  • IAQ Monitoring Device
  • NCl3, RH, CO2, VOCs
  • NCl3 (air sparging)
  • RH
  • CO2
  • VOCs
  • Radon (Rn)
  • Corrosion coupons

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Measurement of NCl3 in Air

Air Flow DPD/KI solution

Air Pump

A B

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Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry

35 Solution Outlet Solution Inlet Outlet to Mass Spectrometer Inert Gas Inlet Pervaporation Membrane

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Pool Characterization

  • Bather Load (digital camera)
  • Air Handling System (return air flow, location of supply/return vents,

dehumidification, heating, cooling, air T)

  • Water Management (recirculation rate, water volume, locations of

drains/returns, methods of water treatment)

  • Maintenance (filter backwash method/frequency, water replacement

method/frequency, cleaning methods/frequency)

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Photos and Data Provided by Jessica Maloney Wisconsin Department of Health Services Madison, WI

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SLIDE 38

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SLIDE 39

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Turning on more aeration, windows closed Reducing aeration processes, windows opened. Weekend

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2 MGD Groundwater 2 MGD Aerated Groundwater O2 In Radon Out

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SLIDE 42

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Process Model: Mass-Balance Approach

  • Mass emission rates
  • Ambient circulation
  • Swimmers
  • Water features
  • Compare model results with

measurements

  • Calibrated/verified model

used as basis for development of recommendations for facility design, operation

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Expected Outcomes

  • Quantitative information about

relationships of IAQ to:

  • Pool design
  • Pool use
  • Water treatment
  • HVAC system
  • Recommendations for pool

design and operation

  • Input from swimming

community

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Thank You!

Ernest R. Blatchley III, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, F. ASCE Lee A. Rieth Professor in Environmental Engineering Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering Purdue University blatch@purdue.edu

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Abstract

In response to need expressed by the Council for the Model Aquatic Health Code (CMAHC), a study will be launched in January 2019 to collect data illustrating relationships between the operational features

  • f indoor swimming pool facilities and indoor air quality (IAQ). The

study will involve parallel measurements of water/air chemistry in indoor pools, along with measurements of human physiological responses to exposure to the indoor air environments at these pools. Join the CMAHC, NACCHO, CDC, and principal investigator Dr. Ernest Blatchley for a presentation of this novel research.

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