Mobile WiMax: Description and Deployment Dr. Zulfiquar Sayeed - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mobile WiMax: Description and Deployment

• Dr. Zulfiquar Sayeed

Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs

zsayeed@alcatel-lucent.com 732-949-3055

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Outline

The big picture 802.16 Specifications family OFDM and OFDMA fundamentals Profiles System architecture, handoff, QoS Summary

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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The Big Picture

Fixed Fixed

Licensed and Unlicensed Licensed and Unlicensed Networking Networking

Portable Portable

Licensed and Unlicensed Licensed and Unlicensed Wireless Services Wireless Services

Mobile Mobile

Licensed Broadband Licensed Broadband and Wideband and Wideband Services Services WiMAX WiMAX 802.16d 802.16d WiFi WiFi 802.11 802.11 2.5G, 3G 2.5G, 3G

• 802.20

802.20 WiMAX WiMAX 802.16e 802.16e WiFi WiFi 802.11 802.11 WiMAX WiMAX 802.16e 802.16e

Campus Networking Access & Backhaul Zonal Nomadic Low Mobility Cellular WAN

Source: Intel Corp/ Modified

Personal Personal

Unlicensed Unlicensed Device Connectivity Device Connectivity WPAN WPAN 802.15.x 802.15.x WPAN WPAN 802.15 802.15

Device to Device

Device to Peripherals

CoverageWPAN < CoverageWLAN < CoverageWMAN < CoverageWWAN

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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802.11b

802.16e

Zones of Interest of the IEEE

Mobility Throughput 2.5G 3G 802.20

802.11a/g

802.15.4 802.15.1 802.15.3 10 to 200 kbps 200k to 1Mbps 1M to 10M 10M to 70M Oval heights signify coverage

802.21 Handoff 802.15 Wireless PAN 802.11 Wireless LAN 802.16 Wireless MAN New TGs New TGs 802.16E Mobility Internet Protocols 802.20 MBWA 802.3 Ethernet 802.2 Logical Link Control 802.1 Bridging and Network Management

802.16d

PHY MAC +

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WiMAX Applications

BWA Operator Network Backbone INTERNET BACKBONE Mobile Backhaul

3

RESIDENTIAL & SoHo DSL LEVEL SERVICE

1

802.16d

FRACTIONAL T1 for SMALL BUSINESS T1+ LEVEL SERVICE ENTERPRISE BACKHAUL for HOTSPOTS

2

802.16d

H H H H H H H H H WMAN Nomadic Coverage --> handoff from HOT SPOTS

4

= wide area coverage

• utside of Hot Spots

Mobility

802.16e

Source: Alvarion

Wireless Local Loop in Developing Nations

6 5

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Comparing 802.16d/e with Others

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 GPRS Edge WCDMA HSDPA 3G1X EvDO EvDv 802.16d/e Flarion DL bits/sec/Hz

Normalized Throughput Comparison (Peak Bursts)

C hannel B andw idth FD D /TD D D L Peak U L Peak Standard B ody bits/sec/ hz G PR S 160 kbps 160 kbps 0.80 Edge 480 kbps 480 kbps 2.40 W C D M A FD D /TD D 2 M bps 2 M bps 0.40 H SD PA FD D 14.4 M bps 7 M bps 2.88 3G 1X 640 kbps 450 kbps 0.51 EvD O 3.1 M bps 1.8 M bps 2.48 EvD v 3.1 M bps 1.8 M bps 2.56 802.16d/e upto 20 M H z FD D /TD D upto 75 M bps upto 75 M bps IEEE 3.75 Flarion 1.25 M H z FD D 3.2 M bps 900 kbps

• 2.56

3G PP2 3G PP 200 KH z 5 M H z FD D 1.25 M H z FD D

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

7 802.16m

Enhanced QoS/ Security/ Interworking with IMT2K/ Mobility/ BCast H/O/ Legacy Support Larger Cells (30 km) Peak rate 100 MBPS (M)/1GBPS (F), Interference Avoidance Reduced Latency, RRM, Coverage, eBCMC

802.16 Specifications

802.16-2001

TDM FDD/TDD ATM +Packet CS

802.16a

SCa OFDM 256 OFDMA 2048

802.16b

Wireless- HUMAN OFDM256

802.16c

System Profiles for cross- manufacturer Conformance

802.16e

Mobility Enhancements: Handoff/ ActiveSet/ Anchor-Target

• AAS. MiMo, STC

S-OFDMA:

2048 / 1024 / 512 / 128

802.16f: Management Information Blocks 802.16g: Mob. Mgmt. Plane Procedures and Services <11 GHz 10-66 GHz 802.16-2004 (802.16d)

MAC PHY Network Mngmnt

2 to 6 GHz NLOS LOS NLOS <75MBPS <134 MBPS 15 MBPS Fixed Fixed Mobile 1.75 to 20 MHz 20/25/28 MHz 1.75 to 20 MHz 2 to 6 GHz NLOS 100 MBPS Mobile 1.75 to 20 MHz

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Why OFDM

NLOS signal envelopes are

Rayleigh distributed

The signal fades both with time

and frequency separation

Time correlation decreases with

increasing velocity (Doppler)

Frequency correlation decreases

with increased multipath delay spread

Diversity is the key to enhance

performance in fading environments

CDMA uses multiple rake fingers to

capture frequency diversity

OFDM uses parallel long duration

pulses to capture time diversity

Frequency diversity is captured by

coding across time and frequency

Rayleigh Envelope Variation is time and frequency

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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OFDM Basics

Signal is accessible in time and frequency Time variations and frequency variations can be coded/interleaved across Advanced Space-Time-Frequency Coding Guard Interval absorbs the designed multipath effects Single tap multiplicative equalizer NLOS operation OFDMA: Single Frequency Network operation with reuse factor of 1 Planning benefit + Spectrum Utilization Invented at Bell Labs : Chang and Gibby, 1960s DVB-T, SDARs, WiFi, WiMax, HiperLAN/MAN, DAB, DSL and coming in EvDO, UMTS!

R.W. Chang [1966], “Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal Signals for Multichannel Data Transmission,” Bell System Technical Journal, 45, pp. 1775-1796.

• B. R. Salzberg [1967], “Performance of an Efficient Parallel Data Transmission System,” IEEE Transactions on Communication

Technology, 15, 6, pp 805-811 R.W. Chang, and R.A. Gibby [1968], “Theoretical Study of Performance of an Orthogonal Multiplexing Data Transmission Scheme,” IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 16, 4, pp. 529-540. S.B. Weinstein, and P.M. Ebert [1971], “Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform,” IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 19, 5, pp. 628-634

Time Frequency

DC

f0 f1 f2 f3 f4

TG TUseful 1/TUseful

Freq

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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OFDMA Operations

Group NG Group 1 Group 2 NE Subcarriers Pilot Subchannel A Subchannel B

R a n g in g S u b C h a n n e ls S S A S S B S S D S S E S S C

Time Sub Channels Preamble 1 FFT

Different modulation/coding in each sub channel Media Access Protocol (MAP) messages are used to assign SSs to Sub channels FFT Size = 2048; DL: NG = 48 / NE = 32; UL: NG = 53 / NE = 32; 1 Schannel ≈ 1/32nd of total BW Sub-carriers are assigned in a pseudorandom fashion to the SSs High throughput SSs are assigned more that one SC SSs need only modulate a few of the 2048 SCs/ BS modulates all Commensurate with low power CPEs and building penetration loss Throughput per Sub channel (6 MHz) = 178.1 (QPSK) / 428.1 (16 QAM) / 668.7 (64 QAM) (kbps) Total Throughput (6 MHz) = 4.8 / 11.6 / 18.2 MBPS

Reference: Koffman, Roman, “Broadband Wireless Access Solutions Based on OFDM Access in IEEE 802.16”, IEEE Comm. Magazine,April 2002, pp 94-103

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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802.16e and WiMax Profiles

Channelization ( MHz) FFT Size 2 .3 - 2 .4 2 .3 0 5 - 2 .3 2 2 .3 4 5 - 2 .3 6 2 .4 9 6 - 2 .6 9 3 .3 - 3 .4 3 .4 - 3 .8

5 512 TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD 7 1024 TDD TDD 8 .7 5 1024 TDD 1 0 1024 TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD Frequency band ( GHz)

PhyProfiles Bandwidth Duplexing (OFDMA_R1 to OFDMA_R30 RF profiles)

• fdma_profP1

1.25 MHz TDD

• fdma_profP2

3.5 MHz TDD/FDD

• fdma_profP3

7.0 MHz TDD/FDD

• fdma_profP4

8.75 MHz TDD

• fdma_profP5

14 MHz TDD/FDD

• fdma_profP6

17.5 MHz TDD

• fdma_profP7

28 MHz TDD/FDD

• fdma_profP8

10 MHz TDD

• fdma_profP9

20 Mhz TDD 4/16/64. (BWMHz-0.88)/1.25 Modulation Symbol Rate FFTSize: D: 2048 / E: 2048/1024/512/128 (SOFDMA)

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Spectrum Availability

Licensed License Exempt Upper UNII & ISM

License exempt National Information Infrastructure band 5.15 - 5.35 5.73 - 7.83 UNII Licensed Bands- Europe, Latin America, Asia Licensed Bands-Japan 3.4 - 3.7 4.8 - 5 Int’l Multi-channel Multipoint Distribution Service. Licensed in U.S. by Sprint, Worldcom & Nextel, Nucentrix. 2.5 - 2.7 MMDS Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band – License exempt band 2.4 - 2.48 ISM Wireless Communications Service. Licensed by Verizon, Bellsouth & AT&T 2.3 WCS License exempt Personal Communications Services 1.91 - 1.93 UPCS Channels 60-69, called the upper 700Mhz, are by congressional statute to be reclaimed for new services (broadband wireless). 0.75 - 0.8 UHF Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band – License exempt band 0.9 - 0.93 ISM

GHz

1 3 2 4 5

Low/Mid UNII ISM UPCS ISM WCS UHF MMDS Int’l Int’l

Source: Intel Corporation US Gov’t Exclusive Non-Gov’t Exclusive

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Mobile WiMax System Architecture

FE/GigE Access Service Node Backhaul & Aggregation Core IP Network HA AAA DNS DHCP OMS

PSTN PSTN

ISP

MGW

MRFP MGCF BGCF

CSCF IMS

MRFC

Service Core

• Ranging
• Basic Capability Setup
• Registration
• Establish IP

Connectivity

• Mobility (MIP, P-MIP,

SIP)

• QoS
• Subscriber Access Management
• Authenticate, Authorize, Account
• SLA enforcement
• Handover Management
• Allocate IP addresses (SIP)
• Proxy Mobile IP or FA
• Call Control
• Gateway

Functionalities

• IP address

allocation (MIP)

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Mobile IP in Mobile WiMax

IP 802.16 CS

802.16e

802.16 CS

802.16e

DP Fn L2 DP Fn L2 MIP L2 MIP L2 IP

HoA@ payload HoA@ payload HoA@ payload HoA@ payload BS@+Tunnel id

CoA@

BS MS MIP Client

HoA @

FA HA

Intra-ASN Data Path MIP tunnel

R3

CSN ASN

R1

Source: WiMax Forum NWG

CS : Convergence S ublayer DP: Data path function

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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WiMAX Handoffs (1)

ASN Anchored Mobility (Micro Mobility)

– Mobility of an MS not involving a CoA update (i.e. a MIP re-registration) with the following

functions defined Data Path (Bearer) Function: Manages the data path setup and includes procedures for data packet

transmission between two functional entities (usually b/w BSs)

• Type 1: IP or Eth forwarding over IETF L2 (Eth or MPLS) or L3 IP-in-IP or GRE...) transport
• Type 2: 802.16E MAC forwarding over IETF L2 (Eth or MPLS) or L3 IP-in-IP or GRE...) transport

Handoff Function: Controls overall HO decision operation and signaling procedures related to HO Context Function: Addresses the exchanges required in order to setup any state or retrieve any state in network elements.

Example of Layer-2 Anchored Type 2 DP Function

MS Anchor Data Path Function

• L2 Session Anchoring
• L2 Data Anchoring
• Packet Buffering

Serving Data Path Function

• Air Interface to MS
• MAC PDU generation
• Scheduling

Target Data Path Function

• Network Re-entry processing
• Update of Air Interface

MS MS

IP Cloud

L3 IP Data Path Type 2 DP carrying L2 packets

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

16 NAP 2 NAP 1 NAP NSP

WiMAX Handoffs (2)

CSN Anchored Mobility (Macro Mobility)

Mobile IP based macro mobility between the ASN and CSN across R3 reference point In case of IPv4 implies re-anchoring of FAs If FA serves multiple BSs then CSN anchored mobility umbrellas ASN anchored mobility (within the FA) Reverse Tunneling b/w ASN and CSN shall be supported For non-roaming HA must be in CSN, Roaming: HA either in V-NSP or H-NSP User subscription profile in H-CSN MIP client shall always operate as if in a foreign network P-MIP shall be supported in which case MS is unaware of CSN anchored mobility

R3 Mobility S cope

MS BS BS BS FA FA ASN Network ASN Network FA HA NSP MS BS BS FA ASN Network HA BS BS FA ASN Network

NAP: Network Access Provider NSP: Network Service Provider

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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802.16e QoS Offerings

Service Flow Identifier Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate Connection ID Minimum Tolerable Traffic Rate Service Class Name Service Flow Scheduling Type QoS Parameter Set Type Request/Transmission Policy Traffic Priority Tolerated Jitter Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate Maximum Latency Maximum Traffic Burst Fixed-length versus Variable-length SDU Indicator

Parameters for QoS Provisioning

QoS Class Type of traffic Scheduling Parameters Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS) Reatlime data services with fixed size data and period transmissions. E.g: T1/E1/VoIP w/o silence suppression BS grants service periodically. SS contention and piggyback requests prohibited. Unsloicited grant size, Grants per interval, Nominal grant interval, Tolerated grant jitter Realtime Polling Services (rtPS) Real time data with variable sized packets and with periodic transmission. E.g: MPEG Periodic unicast request

• pportunities granted to SS.

Contention/piggyback requests prohibited Nominal polling interval, tolerated poll jitter, minimum reserved traffic rate Enhanced RTPS (ertPS) Real-time services with variable size data packets on a periodic basis, such as Voice

• ver IP services with silence suppression.

Efficiency of both UGS and

• rtPS. Unicast grants in an

unsolicited manner like in UGS, UGS allocations are fixed in size, ertPS allocations are

• dynamic. Piggyback.

Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate, the Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate, the Maximum Latency, and the Request/Transmission Policy. Non-realtime polling services (nrtPS) Delay tolerant with variable packet size and aperiodic transmission. E.g.: FTP Periodic unicast request

• pportunities granted to SS but

farther apart. Contention/piggyback requests allowed Nominal polling interval, minimum reserved traffic rate, traffic priority Best Effort (BE) Handled on a space available basis Contention/piggyback requests from SS to BS Minimum reserved traffic rate, traffic priority

QoS parameters are of 3 types: {Provisioned, admitted and active} == QoS Parameter S et

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Summary

Mobile WiMax is a forerunner to the 4G evolution and architecturally is well ahead of LTE and EvDO Rev C OFDM and the all IP architecture is what 4G systems are heading towards and WiMax is already there (and will converge with 16m) Mobile WiMax offers a scalable solution that accommodates users with varying capacity demands Mobile WiMax has superior QoS mechanisms built into the standards Mobile WiMax offers a a mobility evolution plan (SIP, P-MIP, MIP; IPv4, IPv6) Drawbacks:

WiMax has defined only TDD operations (government sector...) Large bandwidths require large spectrum to tessellate (MiMo, AAS will alleviate) Higher band of operation will shorten coverage (need to work on lower carriers...)

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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Appendix

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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So What is LoS?

Tx Rx Tx Rx r1 1st Fresnel Zone 2nd Fresnel Zone 3rd Fresnel Zone c1

c1 ≥ 0.6 r1 : LOS c1 < 0.6 r1 : NLOS

2 1 2 1

d d d d N F N + = λ

d1 d2 Set N = 1, d1, d2 r1

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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System Operation

Ranging and Adjust Parameters Obtain UL Parameters SS Scans for DL Channel DL Synched SS “enters” BS service area Negotiate Basic Capabilities Register with BS Establish IP Connectivity Establish ToD Transfer Operational Parameters Establish Provisioned Connections

DCD broadcast: BS Power, PHY type, DL burst profile, Modulation type, FEC, Phy synch, BSID + UCD broadcast: PHY sycnh field, BSID, Phy specs, DL-MAP Broadcast: Phy Synch field, Operator ID, Sector ID, MAP message length, Range-Req: requested DL burst profile, SS MAC addr, Ranging anomalies, SS broadcast capabilities Range-Rsp: Timing adjust, Pwr lvl adjust, Freq offset adj, ranging status, DL freq override, UL freq override, burst profile, SS Mac addr, CID, ... SS Bc-Req: CID, PHY params supported, Bandwidth allocations supported, SS Bc-Rsp: CID, PHY params supported, Bandwidth allocations supported, Reg-Req: CID, Hashed Msg Auth Code, IP vers, Vendor ID, CS capability, ARQ params Reg-Rsp: CID, Ok/Not, HMAC tuple, IP vers, Vendor ID, CS capability, ARQ params DHCP-Req: H/W type = Ethernet, MAC addr., Params requested: Subnet mask, Time offset, Router option, Time server option, Vendor class identifier DHCP-Req: IP Addr., TFTP provisioning server name, Time offset, List of routers, ToD Req/Rsp TFTP Config File(Download SS binary Configuration File) TFTP Complete: CID TFTP RSP: CID, OK/Not DSA-Req (SS or BS initiated): Service flow params, CS parameter encodings(802.3, 802.1p, 1q, ATM..), DSA-Rsp): CID, Trnsaction ID, Conirmation Code, Service flow params, CS param encodings, Service flow error set,

BS

Operational

SS

DSA: Dynamic Service Allocation

Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, NJIT, April 27th 2007

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WiBro: 2.3 GHz Portable Internet

Standardization and Commercialization:

Korean standardization effort TTA Named in April 2004: Wireless Broadband WiBro Urban, High data rate >1 MBPS @ <60 km/hr Draft Completion/802.16e Harmonization: Q205, Field testing : 4Q05, Commercialization: 1Q06 Korea Information Strategy Development Institute: “>10.5M users by 2010”

System Profile

Standard activities: Radio (PHY, MAC, RRC), Services & Network, IPR Processing, I’natl coordination System Definition:

Frequency Reuse: 1 2.3 GHz only TDD-only with 5 m-sec framing Service Coverage: 1 km Mobility < 60 km/hr, Spectral Efficiency: DL/UL = 6/2 (max) 2/1 (avg) Throughput/user: DL/UL = 3/1 Mbps (max); 512/128 kbps (avg) Throughput/sector: DL/UL = 18/6 MBPS QPSK/16/64 QAM Handoff time: 150 ms 10 MHz B/W OFDMA

Network elements: PSS (Personal SS), RAS (Radio Access Station), ACR (Access Control Router) ACR: Packet classification, header suppression, service flow management, traffic switching and integration, H/O management...

PSS PSS RAS RAS ACR

Core

Source: ITU-APT Regional

Seminar 2004