Mobile Communications WMAN, WPAN Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdade de - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Mobile Communications WMAN, WPAN Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdade de - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 26, 2022 17 likes •448 views

WMAN-WPAN 1 Mobile Communications WMAN, WPAN Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto WMAN-WPAN 2 Type of Wireless Networks WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Networks short distances among a private group of

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WMAN-WPAN 1

Mobile Communications WMAN, WPAN

Manuel P. Ricardo

Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto

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Type of Wireless Networks

♦ WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Networks

» short distances among a private group of devices

♦ WLAN - Wireless Local Area Networks

» areas such as an home, office or group of buildings

♦ WMAN - Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

» from several blocks of buildings to entire cities

♦ PLMN - Public Land Mobile Networks

» regions and countries

♦ Broadcast

» single direction, audio and video

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Technologies Comparison

  • U=bit/s/Hz/km2

– PLMN  10 to 40 U (based on UMTS) – WMAN  25 to 50 U – WLAN  100 to 500 U

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IEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN

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Information

♦ Current Standard

» Freely available at IEEE site

http://www.ieee.org  publications & standards  get IEEE standards

» IEEE 802.16-2009 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems

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IEEE 802.16 Terms

♦ MAN – Metropolitan Area Network ♦ BS – Base Station ♦ SS – Subscriber Station ♦ DL – Downlink, from BS to SS ♦ UL – Uplink, from SS to BS ♦ FDD – Frequency Division Duplex ♦ TDD – Time Division Duplex ♦ TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access ♦ TDM – Time Division Multiplexing ♦ OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ♦ OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ♦ QoS – Quality of Service

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Topology

Source: Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless, Technical White Paper, Intel.

Base Station

Subscriber Stations Mobile Station

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Reference Models

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Standard Aggregates Multiple WiMAX Versions

OFDM OFDMA

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Adaptive Burst Profiles

♦ Burst profile: Modulation and FEC ♦ On DL

» multiple SSs can associate on the same DL burst

♦ On UL

» SS transmits in an given time slot with a specific burst

♦ Dynamically assigned according to link conditions

» Burst by burst » Trade-off capacity vs. robustness in real time

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OFDM PHY TDD Frame Structure

DL Subframe

Frame n-1 pre. Time Adaptive Frame n Frame n+1

UL subframe

FCH DL burst 1 DL burst n

UL MAP

Broadcast Conrol msgs

...

UL burst 1 UL burst m

DL MAP DCD

  • pt.

UCD

  • pt.

...

DL burst 2 UL TDMA DL TDM

pre. pre.

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OFDM PHY FDD Frame Structure

DL Subframe

Frame n-1 pre. Time

Broadcast Control Msgs

Frame n Frame n+1

UL subframe

FCH DL burst 1 DL burst k

...

DL TDMA UL burst 1 UL burst m DL burst 2 DL burst n DL burst k+1

...

DL TDM

...

UL TDMA

DL MAP UL MAP DCD

  • pt.

UCD

  • pt.

pre. pre.

UL MAP for next MAC frame UL bursts

pre. pre.

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FDD MAPs Time Relevance

frame Broadcast Full Duplex Capable User Half Duplex T erminal #1 Half Duplex T erminal #2 UPLINK DOWNLINK

DL MAP UL MAP DL MAP UL MAP

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OFDMA

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OFDMA

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OFDMA, TDD

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IEEE 802.16 MAC Addressing and Identifiers

♦ SS has 48-bit IEEE MAC address ♦ BS has 48-bit base station ID

» Not a MAC address; 24-bit used for operator indicator

♦ 16-bit connection ID (CID) ♦ 32-bit service flow ID (SFID) ♦ 16-bit security association ID (SAID)

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Convergence Sub-Layer (CS)

♦ ATM Convergence Sub-Layer

» Support for VP/VC connections » Support for end-to-end signaling of dynamically created connections » ATM header suppression; Full QoS support

♦ Packet Convergence Sub-Layer

» Initial support for Ethernet, VLAN, IPv4, and IPv6 » Payload header suppression; Full QoS support

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MAC – CPS – Data Packet Encapsulations

P H SI

MAC PDU

Ethernet Packet

Ethernet Packet

Packet PDU (e.g., Ethernet) CS PDU (i.e., MAC SDU)

HT FEC block 1 CRC MAC PDU Payload OFDM symbol 1

PHY Burst

(e.g., TDMA burst)

Preamble OFDM symbol 2 OFDM symbol n

...... FEC

FEC Block 2 FEC block m

......

FEC Block 3

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MAC – CPS – MAC PDU Transmission

♦ MAC PDUs are transmitted in PHY Bursts ♦ The PHY burst can contain multiple FEC blocks ♦ MAC PDUs may span FEC block boundaries ♦ Concatenation, Fragmentation

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MAC – CPS – MAC PDU Concatenation

MAC PDU 2

HT FEC block 1 CRC MAC PDU Payload OFDM symbol 1

PHY Burst

(e.g., TDMA burst)

Preamble OFDM symbol 2 OFDM symbol n

...... FEC

FEC Block 2 FEC block m

......

FEC Block 3

MAC PDU 1

HT CRC MAC PDU Payload

...... MAC PDU k

HT CRC MAC PDU Payload

Multiple MAC PDUs are concatenated into the same PHY burst

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MAC – CPS – MAC PDU Fragmentation

FEC block 1 OFDM symbol 1

PHY Burst

Pre.

MAC SDU

OFDM symbol n1

...... FEC

FEC Block m1

......

MAC SDU seg-1

HT CRC MAC PDU Payload HT CRC MAC PDU Payload

A MAC SDU can be fragmented into multiple segments, each segment is encapsulated into one MAC PDU

FEC block 1 OFDM symbol 1

PHY Burst

Pre. OFDM symbol n2

......

FEC Block m2

......

HT CRC MAC PDU Payload

MAC SDU seg-2 MAC SDU seg-3

F S H F S H Fragmentation Sub-Header (8 bits) F S H

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MAC – CPS QoS

♦ Three components of 802.16 QoS

» Service flow QoS scheduling » Dynamic service establishment » Two-phase activation model (admit first, then activate)

♦ Service Flow

» A unidirectional MAC-layer transport service characterized by a set of QoS parameters (latency, jitter, throughput) » Identified by a 32-bit SFID (Service Flow ID)

♦ Three types of service flows

» Provisioned: controlled by network management system » Admitted: the required resources reserved by BS, but not active » Active: the required resources committed by the BS

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MAC – CPS – Uplink Service Classes

♦ UGS: Unsolicited Grant Services ♦ rtPS: Real-time Polling Services ♦ nrtPS: Non-real-time Polling Services ♦ BE: Best Effort

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MAC – CPS – Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)

♦ A Layer-2 sliding-window based flow control mechanism ♦ Per connection basis ♦ Only effective to non-real-time applications ♦ Uses a 11-bit sequence number field ♦ Uses CRC-32 checksum of MAC PDU to check data errors ♦ Maintain the same fragmentation structure for Retransmission ♦ Optional

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IEEE 802.15.1

Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)

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Information

♦ Current Standard

» Freely available at IEEE site

http://www.ieee.org  publications & standards  get IEEE standards

» IEEE 802.15.1-2005 IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-- Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements. Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks

♦ Read : Section 5 - General Description

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♦ Overview

» Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) are used to convey information

  • ver short distances among a private, intimate group of participant
  • devices. Unlike a wireless local area network (WLAN), a connection

made through a WPAN involves little or no infrastructure or direct connectivity to the world outside the link. This allows small, power- efficient, inexpensive solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices.

♦ Scope

» This standard defines physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) specifications for wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices within or entering a personal operating space (POS). A POS is the space about a person or object that typically extends up to 10 m in all directions and envelops the person whether stationary or in motion. This standard is based upon technology originally developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).

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Reference Model

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IEEE 802.15.4

Wireless PAN (Sensor Networks)

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Information

♦ Current Standard

» Freely available at IEEE site

http://www.ieee.org  publications & standards  get IEEE standards

» IEEE 802.15.4-2006 IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR- WPANs)

♦ Read : Section 5 - General Description

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Introduction

♦ Low Rate WPAN (LR-WPAN )

» simple, low-cost communication network » wireless connectivity » applications with limited power and low throughput requirements

♦ Characteristics of an LR-WPAN

» Over-the-air data rates of 250 kb/s, 100kb/s, 40 kb/s, 20 kb/s » 64-bit addresses or allocated 16-bit short addresses » Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) » Low power consumption » Energy Detection (ED); Link quality indication (LQI) » Radio channels

– 16 channels in the 2450 MHz band – 30 channels in the 915 MHz band – 3 channels in the 868 MHz band

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Types of Devices

♦ Two types

» FFD - full-function device

– Can operate in 3 modes: PAN coordinator, coordinator, device – FFD can talk to RFDs or other FFDs

» RFD - reduced-function device

– intended for applications that are extremely simple (light switch , passive infrared sensor) – RFD can talk only to an FFD

♦ WPAN shall include at least one FFD

  • perating as the PAN coordinator
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Topologies, Identifiers

♦ Topologies

» star topology  communication between devices and PAN coordinator » peer-to-peer topology  devices may communicate directly; needs PAN coordinator

enables mesh networking - 802.15.5, IP (6lowPAN), Zigbee

♦ Identifiers

» Each devices has a unique 64-bit address; short 16-bit addresses may be used » Each PAN has an identifier

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Cluster Tree Network

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Architecture

♦ Physical layer (PHY)

» activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver » ED, LQI, channel selection, clear channel assessment » transmitting and receiving data » The radio operates at the following unlicensed bands

– 868–868.6 MHz (Europe) – 2400–2483.5 MHz (worldwide)

♦ MAC sublayer

» beacon management » channel access » frame validation, frame acknowledged » association and disassociation » hooks for implementing application-appropriate security mechanisms

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Superframe Structure

♦ Superframe format

» defined by the PAN coordinator » bounded by beacons » can have an active and an inactive portions

♦ Beacons used to

» synchronize attached devices » identify the PAN » describe superframe structure

♦ Superframe may have 2 periods

» Contention access period

– Devices use slotted CSMA-CA mechanism

» Contention-free period (CFP)

– Guaranteed timeslots (GTS) for devices

♦ If coordinator desires no superframe it turns off beacon transmissions

» Unslotted CSMA-CA is used

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Data Transfer to a Coordinator

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Data Transfer from a Coordinator

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Beacon Frame

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Data Frame

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Acknowledgment and Comand Frames

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ZigBee Stack Architecture

Slide 43 Joe Dvorak, Motorola 9/27/05