Mobile and Location Based Services Anto Aasa PhD , Senior Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Mobile and Location Based Services Anto Aasa PhD , Senior Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 23, 2022 7 likes •1.13k views

Mobile and Location Based Services Anto Aasa PhD , Senior Research Fellow department of geography University of Tartu Estonia http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg http://mobilitylab.ut.ee/eng/ http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg Eesti Capital: Tallinn Area:

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Mobile and Location Based Services

Anto Aasa

PhD, Senior Research Fellow

department of geography

University of Tartu

Estonia

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://mobilitylab.ut.ee/eng/

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Eesti

Capital: Tallinn Area: ~45000 km2 Population: 1.35 M Currency: €

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

35 825 784 1386 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Average income, €

More: link

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Estonia is digital society

https://e-estonia.com

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  • Mobile and Location Based Services

– What? Why? – Technology – Influences – Applications – …

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Computational geography Big data ….

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

1976

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Mobile & Location Based Services

  • http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg
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Passing the course:

  • Lectures
  • Literature
  • Essay: „Privacy concerns: myth or reality?“
  • Practical analysis & report:

1) Analysis of Call Detail Record data: „German tourists in Estonia compared with Italian, French, and British tourists“ 2) GPS data based tourism trip analysis

Deadline: ???

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Plan of Lectures:

Date Time Topic Feb 18, Tu 10…12 Introduction 14…16 GIS for mobile and location based services Feb 19, We 10…12 Positioning Technologies 14…16 Location intelligence. Privacy. Crowd Sensing Feb 20, Th 10…12 Legislation 14…16 Effects of ICT on worldview Feb 21, Fr 10…12 LBS in tourism industry 14…16 Futu

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Location Based Services (LBS)

  • Wikipedia (2012): LBS is an information or entertainment service,

which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position

  • f the mobile device
  • Wikipedia (2016, 2015): Location-based services (LBS) are a general

class of computer program-level services that use location data to control features.

  • Wikipedia (2018, 2017): A location-based service (LBS) is a

software-level service that uses location data to control features.

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Location-based service (LBS)

  • Wikipedia 2019: a general class of policies in software-level

services that provide for accessing data, files, pipes, memory

  • bjects, streams and other or online services.
  • Access policies are controlled by location data and/or time-of-day

constraints, or a combination thereof.

  • As such, an LBS is an information service and has a number of uses

in social networking today as information, in entertainment or security, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device.

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Location-based service (LBS)

  • Wikipedia 2020: A location-based service (LBS) is a general

term denoting software services which utilize geographic data and information to provide services or information to users

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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No LBS or bad LBS?

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Thank you, GPS…

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Keywords to describe contemporary society:

  • Digital revolution
  • Information society
  • Digital society, Digital Citizen
  • Digital divide
  • Innovation
  • Mobility growth

– Physical – Virtual

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Mobile society

  • Compaction of time-space

– Virtual availability

  • Widening of time-space

– Physical possibilities

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Rapid changes

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

No of Cars in Estonia, (x 1000)

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  • Dispersion of communication networks
  • Increase of communication distances

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Time distance from London (1914)

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Time distance from London (2016)

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Physical distance is not always euclidean…

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Fragmentation of trip

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Relative distance

Tallinn München

connections & money

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Direct regular connections from Baltic capitals (2014)

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

61 35 35

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Train connection

FROM: Munich airport TO: University of Augsburg Distance: 95 km Train: 2h 11 min

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

FROM: University of Tartu TO: Tallinn airport Distance: 181 km Train: 2h 5min

FROM: Tallinn TO: Munich Distance: 1500 km Flight: 2h 30min

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Internet speed from Tartu, Estonia

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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1995

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

putty

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Innovation speed

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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diffusion of the Internet

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://www.connectorsupplier.com/3g-versus-lte-versus-true-4g-speeds-huff-060413/

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Mobile phone penetration
  • Internet penetration
  • M-internet

NMT & GSM Coverage area

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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EMT 3G coverage area, Dec 2011

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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EMT 4G coverage area, Dec 2011

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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EMT 4G coverage area, Jan 2015

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Statistics Estonia

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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Clients of Cable TV, 1000

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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50 100 150 200 250 300 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Clients of broadband Internet, 1000

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200% 220% 240% 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Fixed phonesin urban areas, 1000 Fixed phones in rural areas, 1000 Digital divide

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Public phones

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Statistics Estonia Telegrams sent in Estonia

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Internet users in EU

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm#eu

Data:

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2017: EU average Internet penetration = 85.7%

59.80% 62.80% 69.10% 72.40% 73.30% 74.40% 75.50% 75.90% 79.40% 80.50% 84.60% 84.80% 85.20% 85.60% 86.70% 86.80% 87.10% 87.90% 88.30% 89.60% 91.60% 92.50% 92.90% 93.80% 94.80% 94.80% 96.90% 97.50% 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% Bulgaria Romania Greece Portugal Poland Croatia Slovenia Cyprus Malta Hungary Austria Lithuania Slovakia Latvia Italy France Spain Belgium Czech Republic Germany Estonia Finland Sweden Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom Denmark Luxembourg

Internet penetration, 2017

46.8% 43.7% 45.9% 56.5% 36.3% 42.8% 43.9% 67.4% 73.7% 54.1% 41.9% 0.0% 44.2% 37.0% 50.2% 50.8% 49.9% 0.1% 43.6% 38.4% 47.5% 48.7% 62.5% 56.9% 58.7% 67.2% 64.8% 53.1% 0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0% Bulgaria Romania Greece Portugal Poland Croatia Slovenia Cyprus Malta Hungary Austria Lithuania Slovakia Latvia Italy France Spain Belgium Czech Republic Germany Estonia Finland Sweden Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom Denmark Luxembourg

Facebook penetration, 2017

https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm#eu

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Internet users in World

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Andmed: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

578.5 1016.8 1405.1 384.6 500.7 582.4 139 235.8 322.4 51.1 139.9 318.6 248.2 273.1 310.3 41.9 77 113.6 20.2 23.9 26.9 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 2008 2011 2014

Internet users, %

Asia Europe Latin-America Africa North-America Central- East Oceania & Australia

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Internet users, %

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Andmed: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

15.3 26.2 34.8 48.1 61.3 70.4 73.6 78.6 86.9 24.1 39.5 52.4 5.3 13.5 27.5 21.3 35.6 48.1 59.5 67.5 72.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2008 2011 2014

Internet users, %

Asia Europe Latin-America Africa North-America Central- East Oceania & Australia

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Location Based Services

  • LBS

– Location matters!

  • Find closest
  • Friend Finder, family finder
  • Weather forecast
  • Route
  • Alarms
  • …

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Where is LBS?

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Phenomenas related with people have usually same pattern

with population distribution

Distribution of world population

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Earth at night

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Availability of electric power:

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Population living below national powerty line:

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Life expectancy

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Gini index

  • Inequality of income in society.

Corrado Gini, 1912

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Big changes?

Internet traffic in 2007 vs traffic routes in ca 1930

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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International phone calls

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://qz.com/290868/this-map-of-international-phone-calls-explains-globalization/

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World air travel routes

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://imgur.com/gallery/vVBTV

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Estonian road network 13th century

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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EENet magistral internet network

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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EENet magistral internet network

2015

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Optical fiber (2015)

http://www.elasa.ee/index.php?page=64

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Operation of LBS

  • Many players
  • Value chain of LBS is very fragmented
  • Roles:

– subscriber, – network, – network operator, – service provider, – content provider

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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OracleAS Wireless location-based services

https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B25006_02/tour/qt/wireless004.htm

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Value chain

Mobile operator LBS user

Network hardware Positioning system Database Data processing Data transmission GIS Spatial interpolation Analysis Application

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Axel Küpper http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://myovi.blogspot.com.ee/2011/09/6-players-in-location-based-services.html

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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LBS content

  • Information or message service
  • Location based call forwarding
  • LBS:

– proactive – reactive

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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LBS applications

  • Business initiative

– Info services – Community services – Traffic telematics – Fleet management & logistics – Mobile marketing – Games

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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LBS applications

  • Public initiative

– Emergency services – Taxation – Information

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Examples of LBS

  • 1. Rescue Board, emergency call location
  • 2. Friend finder
  • 3. Find nearest …
  • 4. Entertainment (games, dating)
  • 5. Inspection (fleet management)

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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LBS 2015

  • Navigation
  • Mapping & GIS
  • Geomarketing & -advertising
  • Safety & emergency
  • Enterprise applications
  • Sport
  • Games & augmented reality
  • Social networking

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Apps

  • > 70 per handheld device
  • 50% never paid > $1
  • Download of „location based“ apps

– 2014: 2.8 billions – 2019: 7.5 billions

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Size of app stores

  • ca 2015

– Google Play >1.500.000 – Apple App Store 1.400.000 – Windows Store ~700.000 – Windows Phone Store > 400.000 – Amazon Appstore 330.000 – Blackberry World 223.000

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Handheld devices with GNSS support:

– 2014: 3.1 billions – 2017: 5.2 billions

  • (many have more than one device)

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Forecasted GNSS related market size in year 2025: €

4.000.000.000

  • Annual increase: +25%

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://www.gsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/LBS_0.pdf

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Slow start of LBS. Why?

  • Price
  • Spatial accuracy
  • Usability
  • No services?

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Background

  • Spatial technology is in „mass consumption“:

– Car navigation – GNSS-Phones – Interactive Internet maps

=> Rapid growth in public awarness about maps, mapping and spatial positioning

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • LBS

– Location context to the „old service“ – New service

  • LBS development is slower than development of technology

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Bottlenecks of the LBS

  • High-quality location information
  • Cost and availability of the infrastructure
  • Integration of systems
  • Usability

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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To overcome bottlenecks

  • Development of positioning technics
  • Cost-effective technology
  • Standards!

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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To overcome bottlenecks II

  • Context sensitivity
  • Adaptation with user
  • User modelling

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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User profile

  • IP adress (origin, service provider),
  • user ID,
  • Internet browser

– browser extensions,

  • Display (resolution)
  • Search keywords, click tracking
  • Visit time, spent time

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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User’s modelling

  • Computer skills (e.g. typing speed)
  • spatial literacy
  • Usage of interactive applications
  • ...

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Modelling

  • Users background

– Cultural, – Educational, – Social background, – Psychological, – …

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Example of the user modelling

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Modelling user

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Google about me

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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LBSi architecture. Example

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Adaptation with user

  • Show/hide content
  • Show more/less information
  • Tips, recommendations
  • Focusing on places interesting to users
  • Recommendation of social content

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Social component

  • User profile
  • instant messenger
  • Friends
  • Users catalog

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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LBS architecture

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Life cycle of service?

https://www.google.com/trends/

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Technological ground

  • Fast development of mobile devices

– Display – GNSS

  • GPS

– A-GPS

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

5110

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GPS: selective availability

http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/sa/data/

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • 74% of smartphone users use LBS
  • Smartphone penetration in USA

– 2011: 35% – 2012: 46% – 2013: 56% – 2015: 75%

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • Web 2.0

– user-generated content, usability, and interoperability

  • Web 3.0 (semantic web): allows data to be shared and reused

across application, enterprise, and community boundaries

  • Web 4.0: autonomous, proactive, content-exploring, self-

learning, collaborative, and content-generating agents based

  • n fully matured semantic and reasoning technologies as well

as AI.

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Qualitative growth of Internet

http://www.urenio.org/2011/11/17/semantic-web-for-smart-cities/

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Practical work

  • 1. Movement of tourists in Estonia.

Mobile positioning

  • 2. Analysis of tourist trip of one person

GPS

  • 3. Essay

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Population of France

http://phys.org/news/2014-10-cellphone-population-density.html#inlRlv

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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Movement / communication patterns

http://phys.org/news/2014-11-mobile-tsunami-ebola-outbreak.html

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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ebola

http://analyticstraining.com/2014/big-data-analytics-and-the-race-to-control-the-spread-of-ebola/

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

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  • DEVILLE et al (2014) „Dynamic population

mapping using mobile phone data “

  • http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg/literature

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg