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Experimental urban heat island research for Arctic cities: Methods of measurements and data processing Mikhail Varentsov Lomomosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Department of Meteorology and Climatology; Plan of presentation:


  1. Experimental urban heat island research for Arctic cities: Methods of measurements and data processing Mikhail Varentsov Lomomosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Department of Meteorology and Climatology;

  2. Plan of presentation: 1. Measuring techniques & data processing 2. Geostatistical methods 3. Application for urban heating system 4. Remote sensing 5. Newest results for Apatity 2015

  3. Measuring methods iButton MTP-5 temperature AWS Mobile AWD sensors profiler Joining the data, synchronizing, geostatistical modelling Visualization and analisys

  4. Sensors location: Norisk

  5. Sensors location: Murmans & Apatity Apatity Murmansk АМС фон АМС центр АМС фон ГМС АМС центр ГМС

  6. Data processing The problem: joining the data from AWS (relatively reliable) and iButtons (less reliable) Solution: • Verification of the iButtons before the experiment – static correction for each sensor • In points with AWS we also install iButtons – dynamic correction for control sensors • Spatial interpolation of the dynamic correction for other sensors 𝑼 = 𝑼 𝒕𝒔𝒅 + ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑼 𝒆𝒛𝒐 (𝒖, 𝒚)

  7. Verification by mobile AWS Apatity Apatity 29 января, ночь 31 января, день Apatity Murmaks 2 февраля, ночь 30 января, вечер

  8. Verification by mobile AWS Norilsk

  9. Measuring results: Murmansk and Apatity -10 Апатиты -12 -14 -16 Темрература, ⁰С -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 Самая холодная точка (к западу от города) -28 Фоновая АМС -30 АМС в центре города -32 Метеостанция "Апатиты" -34 -36 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 Время суток, часы -10 Мурманск -12 -14 Температура воздуха, ⁰С -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 Фоновая АМС -28 АМС в центре -30 Самая холодная точка (к югу от города) -32 Метеостанция "Мурманск" -34 -36 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 Время суток, часы

  10. Measuring results: Norilsk -12 Норильск -14 Температура воздуха, ⁰С -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 Центр города -26 Самая теплая точка (берег оз. Долгое) -28 -30 Метеостанция "Норильск" -32 АМС на окраине города -34 -36 21 3 9 15 21 3 9 15 21 3 9 15 Время суток, часы

  11. Plan of presentation: 1. Measuring techniques & data processing 2. Geostatistical methods 3. Application for urban heating system 4. Remote sensing 5. Newest results for Apatity 2015

  12. The question: how to provide spatial distribution of the temperature in the city and surrounding?

  13. What is kriging? 𝒐 𝒂 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝝁 𝒋 𝒂 𝒚 𝒋 𝒋=𝟐 Where: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑦 - prediction at unknown point 𝑦 𝑎 𝑦 𝑗 - known value at point 𝑦 𝑗 𝝁 𝒋 : depends on spatial self-correlation (variogram) Features & Advantages: • Exact estimation • Best linear unbiased estimator Also provide the field of estimation variance 𝜏 2 •

  14. What is variogram? Function describing the degree of spatial dependence of a spatial random field of stochastic process: 𝑶(𝒊) 𝟐 [𝒂 𝒚 𝒋 − 𝒂(𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒊)] 𝟑 𝜹 𝒊 = 𝟑𝑶(𝒊) 𝒋=𝟐

  15. Kriging algorithm Building experimental variogram Fitting theoretical variogram model to experimental variogram Building estimation field Power-law Exponential Gaussian

  16. Apatity Mean Max UHI острова тепла 9-10 ⁰С 2-3 ⁰С Maps of the temperature anomaly

  17. Murmansk Max UHI Mean Max UHI Maps of the temperature anomaly

  18. Method for heterogeneous terrain 𝑈 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑢 = 𝑈 0 ℎ 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝑢 + ∆𝑈 (𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑢) Correction for Atmosphere certain moment temperature at fixed height Kriging MTP-temperature 𝒊 𝒚, 𝒛 from ASTER DEM

  19. Norilsk Mean Max 6-7 ⁰С ≈ 2 ⁰С

  20. Plan of presentation: 1. Measuring techniques & data processing 2. Geostatistical methods 3. Application for urban heating system 4. Remote sensing 5. Newest results for Apatity 2015

  21. Effect on urban economy Statistical model of heating station 50 10000 Air temperature Суточный отпуск тепла, Разница температуры и обратной воды, ⁰С 9000 40 8000 прямой 7000 ГКал Direct and reverse water 30 6000 y = 154.65x + 1888.4 temperature difference 5000 20 y = -0.9153x + 24.015 4000 20 30 40 50 10 Разница температуры прямой -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 Heat production Температура наружного воздуха, ⁰С и обратной воды, ⁰С What is 1 ⁰С for the power station? Apatity (power 590 Гкал/ч): Norilsk ТЭЦ -1 (power 2321 Гкал/ч): 1 ⁰С → ≈ 81 000 m 3 of the nature gas / day 1 ⁰С → ≈ 33 т. tons of coal / day Potential effect of UHI 2 ⁰С : примерно 85 тыс. рублей в день или примерно 600 тыс. рублей в день или 24 млн. руб. в год 180 млн. руб. в год (При стоимости угля 1300 руб. /т и продолжительность (При стоимости газа 4.14 руб./м 3 и продолжительность отопительного сезона 272 днея ) отопительного сезона 300 дней)

  22. Effect on urban economy Temperature, measured by power station VS real temperature in the city Norilsk Apatity -14 -15 Средняя Среднесуточная -15 температура, ⁰С ошибка: -16 Температура , ⁰C -20 -17 0.4 ⁰С -18 Средняя -19 -25 Средняя температура в ошибка: -20 городе 1.1 ⁰С -21 -30 Температура по данным -22 ТЭЦ 29 января 30 января 31 января 1 февраля -35 ТЭЦ Город 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 0 3 6 9 12 15 Время суток, ч ≈ 11 млн. руб. в год ≈ 37 млн. руб. в год Эти средства можно сэкономить, если оптимизировать систему температуры воздуха в городе

  23. Plan of presentation: 1. Measuring techniques & data processing 2. Geostatistical methods 3. Application for urban heating system 4. Remote sensing 5. Newest results for Apatity 2015

  24. Norilsk Mean Max 6-7 ⁰С ≈ 2 ⁰С

  25. MODIS for Norilsk TERRA 17 January 2014

  26. MODIS for Norilsk Mean data (TERRA) for November 2013 – January 2014

  27. Connection between surface and ground UHI UHI Intensity: ∆𝑼 = 𝑼 город − 𝑼 фон Observations (Power station – observatory) Satellite observations VS TERRA AQUA 8 8 ∆T по данным спутника TERRA ∆T по данным спутника AQUA 6 6 R² = 0,3036 4 4 R² = 0,1317 2 2 0 0 -2 -2 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -2 0 2 4 6 8 ∆T по данным метеорологических наблюдений ∆T по данным метеорологических наблюдений

  28. Plan of presentation: 1. Measuring techniques & data processing 2. Geostatistical methods 3. Application for urban heating system 4. Remote sensing 5. Newest results for Apatity 2015

  29. Sensors location: Apatity 2015

  30. AWS results: Apatity 2015 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 А1 центр А5 ботсад ИФА Метео А4 - поле

  31. Max UHI

  32. New ideas for experimental research & data processing 1. Longer measuring campaign (one season at least) 2. On-line UHI monitoring (not iButtons, but GSM temperature sensors) 3. 3D UHI structure investigation (but at least 2 MTP-5 is needed) 4. Application of the Kriging with external drift for more detailed analysis. What use as drift: LES data, REG CM data, MODIS data, urban landuse data? 5. More comprehensive research about UHI and energy consumption 6. UHI temperature anomaly → anthropogenic heat flux

  33. Thank you for the attention

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