Memory Chapter 7 Encoding, Storage and Retrieval of Memor y - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Memory

Chapter 7

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval of Memory

 Encoding  Storage  Retrieval  Forgetting

Three Systems of Memory

 Sensory memory

 Iconic memory  Echoic memory

 Working/ short-term memory -

storage process starts here -

 Chunk  Rehearsal  Mnemonics  Working memory

Three Systems of Memory

 Long-term memory: storage – two

track memory

 Declarative memory - facts

 Semantic memory - general info  Episodic memory - autonoetic consciousness

 Procedural memory – skills –implicit memory

Biological Bases of Memory

 Biochemical changes at specific synapses

produced by memory – result of learning

 Long-term potentiation – neural basis for learning

and memory – increases in excitability of neurons

 Explicit memory – conscious - role of hippocampus  Implicit memory – retaining learned skills without

conscious awareness of this learning

 Consolidation - REM sleep  Flashbulb memories  Distribution of memory  Orbitofrontal cortex connection

Retrieval of Long-term Memories

 Retrieval -

 Recognition  Recall  Relearning  Retrieval cues

 Priming

Emotion, Remembering and Forgetting

 Siegel material –

 Memory trace – enduring physical changes in

brain as memory forms

 Not all experiences affect mind equally  Brain appraises events as meaningful  If amygdala activated = “value-laden”

memory – preverbal role in childhood

 Selective inhibitions of mind  Self-regulation is related to modulation of

emotion

 Forgetting -essential aspect of explicit memory

Emotion, Remembering and Forgetting

 Proactive Interference –

information learned earlier interferes with recall of new material

 Reactive Interference –

difficulty recalling information because of later exposure to different material

Constructive Processes

 Serial reproduction – “telephone”

inaccurate

 Memory in courtroom - poor recall  Repressed memories controversy -

 Researchers  Therapists  Legal issues

Film - False Memories

Memory Dysfunctions - Amnesia

 Amnesia-

 Retrograde amnesia = memory lost for occurrences prior to event  Anterograde amnesia = memory lost for events following trauma  Childhood amnesia – memory starts around 3-4 years of age  Aging

Memory Dysfunctions - Alzheimer’s

 Alzheimer’s – loss of short-term memory, explicit/

declarative memory - risk factors: age, genes, head injury

 Progressive and fatal

disease

 Most common form of

dementia

 No current cure  Loss of plasticity/ learning  Personality changes  Spread of distorted protein “tau”

Memory Dysfunctions - Alzheimer’s

 Diagnosis –

 Neuropsychological exam  Lab blood tests  Mental status testing  Brain imaging – CT, MRI, PET

 Amyloid plaque buildup

 Risk factors - age; genetic;

head trauma (TBI)

 Rate of progression varies

Film - Alzheimer’s

Memory Dysfunctions - Alzheimer’s

 Preventative steps -

 Drugs  Control blood pressure  Exercise  Eat right  Maintain friendships  Stimulate mind  Estrogen / anti-inflammatory drugs

Memory Dysfunctions – False Alzheimer’s Diagnosis

Conditions Which Mimic A.

 Normal pressure

hydrocephalus

 Vitamin / hormone

deficiencies

 Heavy alcohol consumption  Urinary tract infection  Herpes simplex virus type 1  “Silent emboli” = blockage in

tiny blood vessels

Meds that Mimic A.

 Antihistamines  Sleeping pills  Painkillers  Anti-anxiety drugs  Cholesterol drugs  Older antidepressants  Incontinence drugs  Acid-reflux drugs  Blood pressure drugs  Tranquilizers  Heart drugs  Stomach drugs  Parkinson’s drugs

Improving Your Memory

 Visual imagery  Association with bizarre  Decide what you need to remember  Pay attention - focus - repeat  Use mnemonics aids : lists, cards  Be consistent  Keep mind active and busy  Pace yourself  Memory wonder drug - sugar (glucose)

Memory Test

 Rest

Snore

 Bed

Sound

 Night

Eat

 Wake

Tired

 Slumber

Awake

 Dream

Comfort