Marijuana-related Outcomes in the Context of Legalization in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation www.pire.org

Marijuana-related Outcomes in the Context of Legalization in Michigan

32nd Annual NPN Conference

Chicago, IL August 27, 2019

Sean Hanley (PIRE) Marguerite Grabarek (PIRE) Angie Woodin (LTBB) Kenneth Dewey (LTBB)

3 Objectives:

• 1. LTBB at a glance
• 2. A brief history of marijuana legalization in

Michigan

• 3. Trends in marijuana use and related risk

factors among LTBB youth and adults

LTBB at a Glance

• LTBB is a federally-recognized

tribe reaffirmed Sept. 1994.

• Most of 4000+ tribal members

live in the NW corner of the lower peninsula of MI.

• Although the tribe has a

designated reservation encompassing portions of Charlevoix and Emmet Counties, most tribal members live on non-tribal lands.

• Tribal health department

serves a 27-county area in northern LP and eastern UP.

27-County Service Area

Population Density

Source: geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/populationchanges.html

Petoskey (L) and Harbor Springs (R)

• 2. A Brief History of Legalization in MI
• Nov. 2008:

Michigan Compassionate Care Initiative passed (63%) by voters legalizing medical marijuana

• Feb. 2013:

MI Supreme Court rules dispensaries illegal; patients must grow own or appoint caregiver

1972-2018: Decriminalization at municipal level

• Nov. 2018:

Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act

passed (56%) by

voters legalizing recreational marijuana

2012: First attempt to get recreational marijuana on ballot fails 2020: Retail environment expected to launch

Tribal Sovereignty in the Context of Legalization in Michigan

• As a federally-recognized tribe,

LTBB is not subject to state government control (i.e., state marijuana laws do not apply on tribal lands).

• Relationship between tribes

and government is at the federal, not state, level.

• Therefore, federal laws

regarding marijuana apply.

• Cole II memo in 2014

extended provisions of Cole I memo to tribal nations.

• 3. Trends in marijuana use and related risk

factors among LTBB youth and adults

First, let’s look at youth…

Youth Survey

• Annual survey since 2012
• Most recently conducted Aug 2018-Jan 2019
• Eligibility criteria:
• LTBB citizen or descendant, ages 12-20
• Resident of 27-county LTBB service area
• 77-item questionnaire
• Demographic characteristics (age, gender,

etc.)

• Substance use behaviors (e.g., alcohol, mj,

Rx)

• Risk factors (e.g., risk, disapproval, etc.)
• Administration:
• Paper-and-pencil or online
• In person at tribal events, schools; mailed

home

• 2018 response rate: 88.4% (130/147)

Youth Survey Demographics

n % Gender (n=129) Males 53 41.1 Females 76 58.9 Mean age = 14.5 years LGTBQ or two spirit (n=120) 14 11.7 County (n=130) Antrim 3 2.3 Charlevoix 4 3.1 Cheboygan 32 24.6 Chippewa 1 0.8 Delta 2 1.5 Emmet 85 65.4 Grand Traverse 2 1.5 Otsego 1 0.8

Past year marijuana use in 2018

24.3 26.5 21.9 2.5 35.1

10 20 30 40 50 Total Female Male Ages 12-13 Ages 14-17 %

Trends in past year marijuana use – Ages 14-17

10 20 30 40 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 %

LTBB

Past month marijuana use in 2018

13.2 16.9 8.5 0.0 19.7

5 10 15 20 25 Total Female Male Ages 12-13 Ages 14-17 %

10 20 30 %

LTBB MiPHY YRBS

Trends in past month marijuana use – Ages 14-17

Perceived risk of harm from using marijuana 1-2 times per week in 2018

44.0 39.1 49.2 48.1 42.1

20 40 60 Total Female Male Ages 12-13 Ages 14-17 %

*Figures represent percentage of respondents who indicated “moderate” or “great” risk.

Trends in perceived risk of harm from using marijuana 1-2 times per week – Ages 14-17

*Figures represent percentage of respondents who indicated “moderate” or “great” risk.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 %

LTBB MiPHY

• 3. Trends in marijuana use and related risk

factors among LTBB youth and adults

Now let’s look at adults…

Adult Survey

• Annual survey administered starting in 2017
• Eligibility criteria:

– LTBB citizen or descendant, ages 21+ – Resident of immediate 3-county service area

• 52-item questionnaire

– Demographic characteristics (age, gender, etc.) – Substance use behaviors (e.g., alcohol, mj, Rx) – Risk factors (e.g., risk, disapproval, etc.)

• Administration:

– Paper-and-pencil or online – In person at tribal events, health clinic, community

• 2018 response rate: 44.3% (434/980)

Adult Survey Demographics

n % Gender (n=423) Males 150 35.5 Females 273 64.5 Mean age = 50.8 years LGTBQ or two spirit (n=377) 16 4.3 County (n=436) Charlevoix 45 10.4 Cheboygan 40 9.2 Emmet 349 80.4

Past month marijuana use in 2018

19.0 18.4 19.7 32.6 23.8 23.8 23.2 10.6 6.1

10 20 30 40 50 %

Trends in past month marijuana use – Ages 21+

5 10 15 20 2017 2018 %

LTBB Michigan US

Past month recreational marijuana use in 2018

13.6 12.9 14.6 24.4 19.6 18.2 9.6 10.1 5.4

10 20 30 40 %

Trends in past month recreational marijuana use – Ages 21+

5 10 15 20 2017 2018 %

LTBB

In summary…

• Past year and past month marijuana use among LTBB youth

has risen over time, although has plateaued or declined in the last two years.

• Perceived risk of harm from marijuana use has declined over

time among LTBB youth.

• LTBB youth are generally similar to Emmet Co and Michigan

youth with respect to use and perceptions of risk.

• Generally more use and lower perceptions of risk among

females compared to males.

• Slight increase over last two years in use among adults.

– No gender differences – Use declines with age

PIRE and SPRING Teams

Sean Hanley (PIRE) Chapel Hill, NC shanley@pire.org 919-265-2619 Marguerite Grabarek (PIRE) Ann Arbor, MI mgrabarek@pire.org 919-265-2646 Angie Woodin (LTBB) Petoskey, MI awoodin@ltbbodawa-nsn.gov 231-242-1649 Kenny Dewey (LTBB) Petoskey, MI kdewey@ltbbodawa-nsn.gov 231-242-1771