GHG problem CO2 capture and storage Project types + future Policy and payment Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and air quality: CCS Discussion meet+ Royal Society of London 6 October 2017 Stuart HASZELDINE University of Edinburgh Professor of Carbon Capture and Storage Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation (ECCI), Infirmary Street, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Telephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk
After CoP21 : EFF, CCS, DAC and BECCS Bio Energy CCS ± coal = End of Coal niche to recapture carbon. End of oil Conflict with replanting, End of gas ?? food, and habitat destruction Direct Air Capture – needs to be priced properly CCS – where? EFFiciency – urgent, quickest and easiest NUKE – expensive, unsolved waste 2 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
CO2 storage is a Shale top seal – no flow long way down 10,000 to 10,000,000 yr security Depth 1 - 4 km Impermeable SEAL Overlies Porous RESERVOIR 3 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
UK: best CO2 storage CO2 storage 2050 Offshore skills & jobs CO2 storage 200yr industry 35% of EU storage 60 - 80 Gt CO2 Mapped by SCCS 2009 Confirmed by ETI UKSAP and TCE & BGS in 2014 NE cluster www.CO2Stored.co.uk Tees cluster UK owns 35% of EU Pore space OWNED by Crown Estate Scotland CO2 storage Mersey cluster UK offshore has as 35% of UK storage CO2 charge CO2 storage for EU € 10 / tonne CO2 100 – 200yr duration = € 2 – 5 Bn/yr revenue 4 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Project types 5 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 2017
CCS exists : decades of injection & monitoring CO2-EOR 1972, eg Scurry County, Texas, Rangeley, Weyburn …. Aquifer Sleipner: CO2 climate mitigation 1996, North Sea 6 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Carbon Capture Utilisation Storage Life Cycle is all important CO2 needs removed from air and ocean >>1,000 years Tomatoes in greenhouses – do NOT count Fizzy drinks – do NOT count Trees – do NOT count (unless BECCS) CO2 needs to be removed from air and ocean >>1,000 years Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 7
CCS global: mostly Enhanced Oil recovery EOR works,Good progress to 2020, then …. STOP. Need to plan, Now Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 8
CCS Chennai, India – new solvent Carbon Clean Solutions Operating October 2016 60,000 t CO2 / yr on 10MW coal fuelled power plant Compare $60-90 /tonne CO2 Cost (claim) $30 (40) /tonne CO2 CO2 used to make alkali soda ash • Use of soda ash as a temperature-reducing flux during standard glass making reaction Na 2 CO 3 + SiO 2 è Na 2 SiO 3 + CO 2 − + RNH 3 CO 2 + 2RNH 2 � [RNHCO 2 + ] • Thus the potential carbon benefits are ONLY in reduced New solvent claims CDRmax, an Amine Promoted Buffer Salt : 25% less capital cost, mining of trona minerals 7x less corrosive than standard MEA solvent 61% less water, 27% less heat used, longer life 4 yrs • NET CO2 INCREASE www.carboncleansolutions.com Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 9
Game changers ? 10 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 2017
Full-scale “Northern Lights” CCS will be done – in Norway after 2022 1.5 Mt CO2/yr Cement Pipe: Gassnova Fertiliser Waste (from UK) Shipping : Gassco 11 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Industry carbon storage: minimum project size 50,000 Mt CO 2 storage creates new offshore industry for 1 100-200yr. £200M 10 1 CO2 gas Mt/yr separation CO2 units legacy from production 2 Start small, grow network value 3 4 1) St Fergus 0.5 Mt CO2/yr And vacant SAGE gas separation 2) Brew and ferment 1.5 MtCO2/ 3) Fife ethylene 0.6Mt, paper 0.4 4) Ineos chemical & refine 1.6, 1.3 100M GBP already spent on evaluation Fastest low cost CO2 storage in Europe 12 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
East coast CCS network 2019 to 2050: BENEFIT analysis £169Bn, not cost £34Bn WITH CCS CO2 Employment Cost / ton Gross Value Balance of stored CO2 Added Payments 225,000 1,500 2016- Mt CO2 £56 Bn £18 / 50 £5Bn ton UK UK 100 Mt 100,000 ? NO CCS £ 88 / 2016-18 £ 97 Bn ton pay by 2050 to 350,000 Norway 2016-50 • Low cost start • Incremental investment • CCC path to 75 Mt CO2/yr • Uses Treasury cost carbon etc • Linked value through economy East Coast CCS Network 13 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 2017
Net-Power oxycombustion CO2 gas turbine coal Texas : 50MWth NET Power natural gas demonstration plant 62% Efficient with FREE CO2 gas Will operate Jan/Feb 2018 CO2 +gas If this works, Sale of electricity it will change Sale of CO2 for EOR everything Sale of H2 -refinery Sale of Ar high value gas Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 14
Energy use: focus on heat Heat Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 15
HEAT from CH4 is 47% CO2 emissions Valuable infrastructure, convert to H2 Improving air quality in cities 16 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Scotland (UK) GHG: path to net-zero 2050 80 Easy actions have been done and banked • Electricity is on path to Scotland 2017: Millions tonnes CO2 eqiv decarbonise 50% along decarbonisation • Most GHG emissions (Blue) route. Need to invent and 50 are not so directly linked to invest in how to do the energy ENERGY more difficult part • Negative emissions (green) can balance remainder TRANSPORT LAND and AGRIC INDUSTRY RESIDENTIAL WASTE 0 Forest life Re-Forest + BECCS Forestry 2017 Peat restore 2020 2045 1991 2000 -10.2 Mt/yr Biochar soil From: Scottish GHG Emissions 2014 CO2-EOR (http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00503570.pdf) Energy and NET needed to achieve net-Zero 17 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Money and Policy £ or ? Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 18
COST v VALUE Bajaj $2,000 XC 90 $66,000 19 Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
CCS is 10x – 100x too slow: need price or mandate No more grants Haszeldine et al 2017 Proc Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Roy Soc A Submitted Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 20
Pay for CCS : EU-ETS – too many, too low Past EU-ETS prices erratic NOT investable 2035 2016 $30 Future EU-Allowances over-supplied EU-ETS prices low, NOT investable $ 15 EU-ETS are permissions to behave as normal by emitting CO2 The low price incentivises Efficiency across economy But is 10x too low, to build 2006 2016 something new EU-ETS is NOT ENOUGH to fund development of CCS Don’t allow offsets – too cheap. Cancel excess Certificates Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 21 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Carbon prices / ton CO2 Car tax UK UK Green Deal $300 /t CO2 $200 /t CO2 CCS power need USA tax credits 2017 (proposed) EU 2025 ? EU 2015 Cavanagh Ringrose 2014 Energy Procedia GHGT-12 Regional and corporate carbon prices exist, but DO NOT produce behaviour change – or action on storage Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 22
Government policy levers to match need UK carbon tax oil production 80% since 1980 = £300 Bn (2009 money) £ 10 Bn /yr average tax income: not invested Can not trust the Government to re-invest money Mitigation Resource Producer Government General, Tax: doesn’t store carbon Hospitals, Trading emissions certificates: doesn’t store carbon Wars …. Don’t use money, use law Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 23 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
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