Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and air quality: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
GHG problem CO2 capture and storage Project types + future Policy and payment Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and air quality: CCS Discussion meet+ Royal Society of London 6 October 2017 Stuart HASZELDINE University of
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation (ECCI), Infirmary Street, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ Telephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk
Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and air quality: CCS
Discussion meet+ Royal Society of London
6 October 2017
Stuart HASZELDINE University of Edinburgh Professor of Carbon Capture and Storage GHG problem CO2 capture and storage Project types + future Policy and payment
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
After CoP21 : EFF, CCS, DAC and BECCS
2
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Direct Air Capture – needs to be priced properly CCS – where? Bio Energy CCS ± coal = niche to recapture carbon. Conflict with replanting, food, and habitat destruction EFFiciency – urgent, quickest and easiest End of Coal End of oil End of gas ?? NUKE – expensive, unsolved waste
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 20173
Depth 1 - 4 km Impermeable SEAL Overlies Porous RESERVOIR
CO2 storage is a long way down
10,000 to 10,000,000 yr security Shale top seal – no flow
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
UK: best CO2 storage
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
4
35% of EU storage 60 - 80 Gt CO2 Mapped by SCCS 2009 Confirmed by ETI UKSAP and TCE & BGS in 2014 www.CO2Stored.co.uk
UK offshore has as 35% of CO2 storage for EU 100 – 200yr duration
Pore space OWNED by Crown Estate Scotland
Mersey cluster
NE cluster
Tees cluster
UK storage CO2 charge € 10 / tonne CO2 = € 2 – 5 Bn/yr revenue
CO2 storage 200yr industry CO2 storage 2050 Offshore skills & jobs
UK owns 35% of EU CO2 storage
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Project types
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
5
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
CCS exists : decades of injection & monitoring
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
6
CO2-EOR 1972, eg Scurry County, Texas, Rangeley, Weyburn …. Aquifer Sleipner: CO2 climate mitigation 1996, North Sea
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Carbon Capture Utilisation Storage
7 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Tomatoes in greenhouses – do NOT count Fizzy drinks – do NOT count Trees – do NOT count (unless BECCS) CO2 needs to be removed from air and ocean >>1,000 years
Life Cycle is all important CO2 needs removed from air and ocean >>1,000 years
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
CCS global: mostly Enhanced Oil recovery
8 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
EOR works,Good progress to 2020, then …. STOP. Need to plan, Now
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
CCS Chennai, India – new solvent Carbon Clean Solutions
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 9
Operating October 2016 60,000 t CO2 / yr on 10MW coal fuelled power plant Compare $60-90 /tonne CO2 Cost (claim) $30 (40) /tonne CO2 CO2 used to make alkali soda ash
temperature-reducing flux during standard glass making reaction Na2CO3 + SiO2 è Na2SiO3 + CO2
benefits are ONLY in reduced mining of trona minerals
www.carboncleansolutions.com New solvent claims CDRmax, an Amine Promoted Buffer Salt : 25% less capital cost, 7x less corrosive than standard MEA solvent 61% less water, 27% less heat used, longer life 4 yrs CO2 + 2RNH2 [RNHCO2
− + RNH3 +]
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Game changers ?
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
10
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
11
Full-scale “Northern Lights” CCS will be done – in Norway after 2022
1.5 Mt CO2/yr Cement Fertiliser Waste (from UK)
Shipping : Gassco Pipe: Gassnova
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Industry carbon storage: minimum project size
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 201712
Start small, grow network value 1) St Fergus 0.5 Mt CO2/yr And vacant SAGE gas separation 2) Brew and ferment 1.5 MtCO2/ 3) Fife ethylene 0.6Mt, paper 0.4 4) Ineos chemical & refine 1.6, 1.3
50,000 Mt CO2 storage creates new
100-200yr. £200M
1 1 2 3 4
100M GBP already spent on evaluation Fastest low cost CO2 storage in Europe
10 Mt/yr CO2 CO2 gas separation units legacy from production
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
East coast CCS network 2019 to 2050: BENEFIT analysis £169Bn, not cost £34Bn
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
13
100,000 2016-18
225,000 2016- 50
Employment
350,000 2016-50
Gross Value Added Balance of Payments
WITH CCS NO CCS
Cost / ton CO2
£18 / ton UK £ 88 / ton pay to Norway £ 97 Bn by 2050 £5Bn UK £56 Bn
CO2 stored
1,500 Mt CO2 100 Mt ?
East Coast CCS Network
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Net-Power oxycombustion CO2 gas turbine
14 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Texas : 50MWth NET Power natural gas demonstration plant 62% Efficient with FREE CO2 Will operate Jan/Feb 2018 Sale of electricity Sale of CO2 for EOR Sale of H2 -refinery Sale of Ar high value gas If this works, it will change everything
coal gas CO2 +gas
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Energy use: focus on heat
15 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Heat
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
HEAT from CH4 is 47% CO2 emissions Valuable infrastructure, convert to H2
16 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Improving air quality in cities
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Scotland (UK) GHG: path to net-zero 2050
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 201717 From: Scottish GHG Emissions 2014 (http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00503570.pdf)
Millions tonnes CO2 eqiv 1991 2000 50 80 Forest life Biochar soil Forestry 2017
2020 Re-Forest + BECCS Peat restore Scotland 2017: 50% along decarbonisation
invest in how to do the more difficult part
Easy actions have been done and banked
CO2-EOR
ENERGY TRANSPORT LAND and AGRIC INDUSTRY RESIDENTIAL
WASTE
2045
decarbonise
are not so directly linked to energy
can balance remainder
Energy and NET needed to achieve net-Zero
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Money and Policy
18 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
COST v VALUE
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
19
Bajaj $2,000 XC 90 $66,000
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
CCS is 10x – 100x too slow: need price or mandate
20 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
No more grants
Haszeldine et al 2017 Proc Roy Soc A Submitted
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Pay for CCS : EU-ETS – too many, too low
21 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
EU-ETS is NOT ENOUGH to fund development of CCS Don’t allow offsets – too cheap. Cancel excess Certificates
Past EU-ETS prices erratic NOT investable Future EU-Allowances over-supplied EU-ETS prices low, NOT investable 2006 2016 2016 2035 EU-ETS are permissions to behave as normal by emitting CO2 The low price incentivises Efficiency across economy But is 10x too low, to build something new
$30 $ 15
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Carbon prices / ton CO2
22 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Cavanagh Ringrose 2014 Energy Procedia GHGT-12
Regional and corporate carbon prices exist, but DO NOT produce behaviour change – or action on storage
Car tax UK $300 /t CO2
EU 2015
UK Green Deal $200 /t CO2
EU 2025 ? CCS power need USA tax credits 2017 (proposed)
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Government policy levers to match need
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017 23
UK carbon tax oil production 80% since 1980 = £300 Bn (2009 money)
£ 10 Bn /yr average tax income: not invested
Producer Resource Government Mitigation General, Hospitals, Wars …. Can not trust the Government to re-invest money Tax: doesn’t store carbon Trading emissions certificates: doesn’t store carbon Don’t use money, use law
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
24
Remedy UK policy: Oxburgh Report 2016
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
There are three failure to address 1) Expense : create a national CCS company, who develop the first full chain capture-transport-storage infrastructure in each region. Delivery at £85/MWhr. This company is sold to investors when proven liquid operations 2) Wider application: CCS is essential on power, heat, transport 3) A firm market for storage of CO2 is created, by means of a Certificate on all producers of fossil carbon entering the
national percentage of CO2, starting 1%, rising to 100% mid century
www.sccs.org.uk/news/330-oxburgh-report-on-ccs- resets-approach-to-pricing-delivering-infrastructure- and-enabling-uk-climate-action
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
CERTIFICATES CO2 storage market mandate
25 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
Environmental certificate ALLOCATED at border – fuels and goods. NO MONEY : compete to develop CO2 storage, at low cost Certificate cancelled on PROOF of storage. Flexible and direct
Haszeldine 2016 Oxford Rev Economic Policy, 32, 304–322
Start at 0.25% UK carbon 1 Mt /yr, rise to 50-80% by 2050
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
EFFECTIVE technology and policy options
Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
26
a) What works Long duration, persistent goals Keeping carbon budgets with a 5 year ratchet. Appetite of business to be profitable: cost and value b) What doesn’t work Carbon markets allowing purchase to pollute Price too low to borrow/build/operate projects. Exclusive focus on renewable electricity. Looking at power price, not carbon value c) What needs to be done Create mandate and market for carbon storage Use energy carbon storage to deliver net-zero GHG
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
Summary: can energy solve GHG ?
27 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
1) Protecting the atmosphere and creating clean air against excess CO2 means Naming what is delivered, not the means of delivery Reducing emissions; Balancing to net-zero; Re-capturing emitted CO2 2) The UK has exceptional access to excellent CO2 storage, offshore 3) COST is bad: clean fossil electricity is not possible in UK + EU market pricing 4) VALUE is good: in rapid decarbonisation of heat (H2), industry, transport ….. 5) Net Zero requires CO2 storage – develop this now ? 6) Viable CCS projects sell products (CO2-EOR),
7) General carbon pricing/ trading does not work 8) CO2 storage requires a market – Certificates - value - jobs – rapid - cheap
First operational CO2 into the ground before 2022 (NE Scotland + Tees) £200M Small pilots Low entry commercial costs Re-use existing kit Known processes Incremental network buildout
Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk
END
28 Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017