M ETHANE E MISSIONS E STIMATES FROM O IL AND N ATURAL G AS P - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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M ETHANE E MISSIONS E STIMATES FROM O IL AND N ATURAL G AS P RODUCTION U SING A TMOSPHERIC M EASUREMENTS Anna Karion, Colm Sweeney, Eric Kort, Paul Shepson, Mackenzie Smith, M. Obie Cambaliza, Tegan Lavoie, Sonja Wolter, Stephen Conley, Gabrielle

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SLIDE 1

METHANE EMISSIONS ESTIMATES FROM OIL

AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION USING

ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS

Anna Karion, Colm Sweeney, Eric Kort, Paul Shepson, Mackenzie Smith,

  • M. Obie Cambaliza, Tegan Lavoie, Sonja Wolter, Stephen Conley,

Gabrielle Pétron, Tim Newberger, Scott Herndon, Tara Yacovitch, Chris Rella, Mike Hardesty, Alan Brewer, Jon Kofler

Photo: sunset over the Denton airport, by Sonja Wolter

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SLIDE 2

Why (continue to) study US oil and gas CH4 emissions?

 Methane (CH4) is the principal component of natural gas

and a powerful greenhouse gas (GWP 100 yrs = 28)

 Methane is released in fugitive emissions from oil and

natural gas production, processing, etc.

 Emissions of methane from natural and anthropogenic

sources are not well quantified (globally or regionally).

 Recent studies and overviews (Brandt et al., Science,

2014) show high emissions but they generally cover only a small fraction of US production.

NOAA Global Monitoring Division Annual Conference, May 21 2014

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SLIDE 3

So what are the CH4 emissions from natural gas?

1 2 3

1 2 3

% CH4 Leakage

Report

Distribution Transmission Processing Production

2013 2011 2010

2 4 6 8 10 12

2004 2009 Tg CH4/yr

Year

2010 Report 2011 Report 2013 Report

5 10 15

1 2 3

Tg CH4/yr

Report

Distribution Transmission Processing Production

2013 2011 2010 EPA Inventory of GHG Sources and Sinks

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SLIDE 4

Mass Balance Approach for Emissions Estimation

∫ ∫

+ −

        ∆ =

b b z z air CH CH

dx dz n X V n

PBL gnd 4 4

cosθ 

Perpendicular wind speed Wind emissions Wind

Background CH4 Downwind CH4

CH4 flux Molar CH4 enhancement in PBL mixing height (PBL)

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SLIDE 5

TEXas Methane EXperiment

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Barnett Shale: 7% of US gas production; one of top 3 shale plays in US

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SLIDE 6

Texas Methane Experiment

Phase I: March 2013

University of Colorado

NOAA/ESRL (GMD, CSD)

Picarro

Shell / Sanders Geophysics

Aerodyne

Penn State (Davis group) 

Phase II: October 2013

Purdue (Shepson group)

University of Michigan (Kort)

University of Cincinnati (Townsend-Small)

UC Irvine (Blake group)

University of Houston

West Virginia University

Duke

Princeton & UT Dallas

LI-COR

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SLIDE 7

Texas Methane Experiment: Aircraft

Purdue Duchess Scientific Aviation Mooney

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SLIDE 8

19 Oct 2013

Upwind (Duchess) Downwind (Mooney)

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wind

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SLIDE 9

19 Oct 2013

CH4 C2H6

Methane (left) and ethane (right) in five separate downwind transects show consistency of plume. They also indicate that a portion of the methane enhancement does not correspond with an ethane enhancement.

5 downwind transects

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SLIDE 10

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SLIDE 11

Total CH4 Emission

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Mean of nine flights

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SLIDE 12

Attribution to oil and gas

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10172014 Oil producing wells Dry gas producing wells

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SLIDE 13

Ethane to Methane Ratio: 19 Oct 2013

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SLIDE 14

Ethane to Methane Ratio: 19 Oct 2013

~10% ~2-3%

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SLIDE 15

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Wells with Gas Production Gray dots = wells with gas production

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SLIDE 16

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Gray dots = wells with oil (liquids) production

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SLIDE 17

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Gray dots = wells with oil (liquids) production

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SLIDE 18

Correlations of C2H6 with CH4

NOAA Global Monitoring Division Annual Conference, May 21 2014

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Survey Flight 10172013 Significant correlation No correlation

Use the sum of CH4 that does NOT correlate with C2H6 (blue) to establish contribution from biogenic sources: ~25%.

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SLIDE 19

Conclusions & Future Work

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 Methane emissions for several other basins are

going to be published in the next year

Barnett

Fayetteville, Haynesville, Marcellus (Peischl, in prep.)

Bakken, San Juan, Marcellus – upcoming measurements planned  Work is still needed to reconcile inventories with

estimates based on atmospheric measurements.

 More work is going to focus on attribution using

ethane (U Mich, Aerodyne) and 13CH4 (Picarro).

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SLIDE 20

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SLIDE 21

Utah, 2012

Distance perpendicular to wind (km)

CH4 (ppb)

downwind upwind

Karion, A., C. Sweeney, et al. (2013). Methane emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field. Geophysical Research Letters.

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High emissions, but this field only represents ~1% of US production.

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SLIDE 22

Denver-Julesburg, May 2012

Pétron et al., 2014.

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SLIDE 23

Summary of Results for O&G Emissions in the D-J Basin

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  • 1. Top-down oil and gas emission estimates based on flight data in May

2012 are ~2 times larger than state inventory estimates for NMHCs and 7 times larger for the carcinogen benzene (C6H6).

  • 2. CH4 emissions are close to 3 times larger than an estimate based on

EPA GHGRP data. C6H6 CH4 NMHC cars Pétron et al., 2014

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SLIDE 24

Average Daily NG Production

5/22/2014

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Barnett Shale natural gas comprises 7% of US total production.

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SLIDE 25

19 Oct 2013

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SLIDE 26

27 March 2013

Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6)

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SLIDE 27

27 March 2013

Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6)

CH4 but no C2H6 in this plume

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SLIDE 28

27 March 2013

CH4 C2H6 CO

CH4 and C2H6 are both components of natural gas; CO is not.

Downwind Transect 1 Downwind Transect 2

NOAA Global Monitoring Division Annual Conference, May 21 2014

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SLIDE 29

27 March 2013

Downwind Transect 1

CH4 but no C2H6 in this plume

Downwind Transect 2 CH4 C2H6 CO

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SLIDE 30

Average Daily NG Production

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SLIDE 31

Well Count

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