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Logic of the Scientific Method s e d i l S 2 n o i s s e S - - 0 4 2 k W c S 2 Introduc Intr oduction to the tion to the Sc Scie ientif ntific ic Me Method thod Basic sic R Requir quirements: nts:


  1. Logic of the Scientific Method s e d i l S 2 n o i s s e S - - 0 4 2 k W c S

  2. 2 Introduc Intr oduction to the tion to the Sc Scie ientif ntific ic Me Method thod Basic sic R Requir quirements: nts: • ¡Uses ¡logical, ¡problem ¡ solving ¡techniques ¡ • ¡Carefully ¡organized ¡ ¡ • ¡Builds ¡on ¡exis>ng ¡info ¡ • ¡Uses ¡credible ¡measures ¡ • ¡Can ¡be ¡replicated ¡

  3. 3 Methods of Scientific Inquiry Observation: vs. Inference: ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ A ¡logical ¡interpreta0on ¡of ¡ Uses ¡our ¡ senses ¡to ¡gather ¡ events ¡based ¡on ¡prior ¡ informa0on ¡ knowledge ¡ or ¡ opinion ¡ Qualita>ve : ¡uses ¡our ¡five ¡ ¡ senses ¡ Educated ¡guess ¡ Quan>ta>ve : ¡uses ¡ number s ¡

  4. 4 Steps in the Ste ps in the Sc Scie ientif ntific ic Me Method thod 1. 1. Obse Observe a an e n event. nt. 2. 2. Develop a lop a mode odel (or (or hypothe hypothesis sis) whic ) which m h makes a s a pr predic diction tion. . 3. 3. Test st the the pr predic diction. tion. mode odel l 4. 4. Obse Observe the the r result. sult. 5. 5. Revise vise the the hypothe hypothesis sis. . test te st 6. 6. Repe peat a as ne s neede ded. d. 7. 7. A A suc successful ssful hypothe hypothesis be sis becom omes a s a Sc Scie ientif ntific ic The heory ory. .

  5. 5 Gathering Information � Search ¡for ¡references ¡to ¡conduct ¡background ¡research: ¡ � Books ¡ � Journals ¡ � Professional ¡Publica>ons ¡ � Internet ¡ � Other ¡Reputable ¡Media ¡ � Videos ¡ � Interview ¡Experts ¡

  6. 6 Formulate a Hypothesis Hypothe ypothesis sis: : an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. • ¡ ¡Possible ¡answer ¡to ¡a ¡ques>on ¡that ¡can ¡be ¡tested ¡ • ¡ ¡based ¡on ¡observa>ons ¡and ¡knowledge ¡ • ¡ ¡ “ If ” “ Then ” “ Because ” ¡statement ¡

  7. 7 The heorie ories s A A the theor ory is a y is a highly suc highly successful hypothe ssful hypothesis sis. . A All hypothe ll hypothese ses m s make pr predic dictions tions. . A All the ll theorie ories m s make pr predic dictions tions. . A All the ll theorie ories c s can be n be te teste sted. d. R Result: A sult: Any sc ny scie ientif ntific ic the theory is subje ory is subject to c t to cha hang nge a as our s our ability to m bility to make te tests sts, or m , or make obse observations of tions of a a te test st ’ s s results sults, im , impr proves with tim s with time. .

  8. 8 Type ypes of s of Logic Logic: Induc : Inductiv tive vs vs. D . Deduc ductiv tive Induc Inductiv tive R Reasoning soning: - Derives generalizations based on specific observations and measures Deduc ductiv tive R Reasoning soning: - Derives specific predictions from general premise

  9. 9 Type T ypes of s of V Varia riable les s Inde Indepe pende ndent (m nt (manipula nipulate ted) v d) varia riable le : condition, event, or method under study, Depe pende ndent (r nt (responding) v sponding) varia riabl e: condition that could change under the influence of the independent variable. Contr ontrolle olled v d varia riable le : conditions which could effect the outcome of the study and often need to be controlled or analyzed.

  10. 10 Type ypes of s of Soc Socia ial W l Wor ork R Rese search h • Impa • Im pact/ t/Outc Outcom ome Studie Studies s • Prog • Pr ogram Ev Evalua luation tion • N • Needs A ds Asse ssessm ssment nt • Pr Proc ocess Ev ss Evalua luation tion

  11. 11 Politic P olitical Issue l Issues in R s in Rese search h Ethic Ethics a s and H nd Hum uman Subje n Subjects C ts Conc oncerns rns Polic olicy Ma y Manda ndate tes a s and D nd Dir irectiv tives on Pr s on Prog ograms s Se Securing A uring Adm dministr inistrativ tive A Appr pproval a l and C nd Coope ooperation tion Mone Money, T , Tim ime, a , and A nd Agenc ncy Ope y Operations tions Push f Push for Evide or Evidenc nce-B -Base sed Pr d Practic tice a and Outc nd Outcom omes s

  12. 12 Scie Sc ientif ntific ic Me Method: Sum thod: Summary ry • Devise a Problem/Question • Observation/Research/Literature Search • Formulate a Hypothesis • Implement the Project • Collect and Analyze the Results • Devise Conclusion(s) • Communicate/Disseminate the Results

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