LIVING MARINE RESOURCE GOVERNANCE IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN Robin Mahon - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

LIVING MARINE RESOURCE GOVERNANCE IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN

Robin Mahon1, Lucia Fanning2, Patrick McConney1

1Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies

University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados

2Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Governance of Marine Ecosystem-Based Management: A Comparative Analysis Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington DC Monday September 29 2008

Large Marine Ecosystems of the world

Caribbean Sea Benguela Current Hawaii

Caribbean Gulf of Mexico SE US Continental shelf North Brazil shelf

The CLME Project – Context

The Wider Caribbean Region is geographically and politically highly diverse and complex

• Geopolitical

– 26 countries – 45 state entities

• Cultural

– ethnicity, language

• Size

– smallest to largest

• Development

– poorest to most wealthy

Hypothetical EEZs

Issues of large scale and complexity Issues of large scale and complexity in the Wider Caribbean in the Wider Caribbean

Lots of technical work has been done Has little impact on governance Many local efforts at management Uncoordinated and disconnected at regional level Duplication of effort

Geopolitical components of LME complexity

Number of countries

5 10 15 20 25 30 C a r i b b e a n S e a M e d i t e r r a n e a n G u i n e a C u r r e n t A r a b i a n S e a N

• r

t h S e a B a l t i c S e a S

• u

t h C h i n a S e a R e d S e a B a y

• f

B e n g a l C a n a r y C u r r e n t A g u l h a s C u r r e n t B l a c k S e a C e l t i c

• B

i s c a y S h e l f N

• r

t h B r a z i l S h e l f E a s t C h i n a S e a G u l f

• f

M e x i c

• B

e n g u e l a C u r r e n t S

• m

a l i C

• a

s t a l C u r r e n t S u l u

• C

e l e b e s S e a Y e l l

• w

S e a H u m b

• l

d t C u r r e n t I n d

• n

e s i a n S e a Number of countries

Caribbean Sea

6 6

Geopolitical components of LME complexity

Maritime boundaries

20 40 60 80 100 120 5 10 15 20 25

Number of countries Number of boundaries

Caribbean Sea

Geopolitical components of LME complexity

Number of Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 N

• r

t h S e a B a l t i c S e a S

• u

t h C h i n a S e a R e d S e a C a n a r y C u r r e n t B l a c k S e a C e l t i c

• B

i s c a y S h e l f E a s t C h i n a S e a G u l f

• f

M e x i c

• B

e n g u e l a C u r r e n t S

• m

a l i C

• a

s t a l C u r r e n S u l u

• C

e l e b e s S e a Y e l l

• w

S e a H u m b

• l

d t C u r r e n t I n d

• n

e s i a n S e a B a y

• f

B e n g a l A g u l h a s C u r r e n t M e d i t e r r a n e a n G u i n e a C u r r e n t A r a b i a n S e a N

• r

t h B r a z i l S h e l f C a r i b b e a n S e a

Caribbean Sea

Natural resource scale

8 8

Shrimps Flyingfish Large pelagics

• Reef fishes

9 9

WECAFC ICCAT CARICOM

Cuba Guatemala Colombia Costa Rica Mexico Honduras Nicaragua Panama Belize Jamaica Guyana Bahamas Trinidad & Tobago

OECS

*Anguilla**** *Netherlands Antilles *Montserrat**** Antigua & Barbuda Dominica Grenada

• St. Kitts & Nevis
• St. Lucia
• St. Vincent &

Grenadines *British Virgin I.**** Dominican Republic Haiti Suriname *Aruba *Cayman I. *Turks & Caicos I. Barbados

CARIFORUM ACS

USA Brazil Japan

WECAFC LAC

*USVI** *Martinique*** *Guadeloupe*** Venezuela *French Guiana*** *Puerto Rico** *** in ICCAT as French Departments * Associate States of ACS Canada France Spain Portugal Morocco USSR Korea Uruguay Ghana Senegal Ivory Coast Angola Gabon Benin Cape Verde Sao Tome & Principe South Africa Bolivia El Salvador Ecuador Peru

OLDE- PESCA OSPESCA

**in ICCAT as USA Belize **** in ICCAT as UK

Institutional Scale

Overlapping and nested fisheries related organisations

What’s different about Caribbean fisheries?

Diversity of primarily small to medium-scale fisheries.

No large commercial revenue earning fishery to fund RFMO as in: West Central Pacific Commission (tunas) SE Atlantic (SEAFO)(orange roughy) NW atlantic (NAFO) (groundfish) So …. What may be the way forward in the Caribbean?

What’s different about Caribbean fisheries?

We propose that a networking approach that makes the best use of existing organisations?

DATA AND INFORM- ATION ANALYSIS AND ADVICE REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT- ATION DECISION MAKING

We believe this can be approached through a governance framework using the conventional policy cycle -- Like this one.

A networking approach that makes the best use

• f existing organisations?

Local National Global Regional

Building a multi-level policy-cycle based governance framework

Diversity Complete Linked laterally Linked vertically

DATA AND INFORM- ATION ANALYSIS AND ADVICE REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT- ATION DECISION MAKING

The LME governance framework

Long-term goal

Fully-functional policy cycles at all appropriate levels with the appropriate vertical and lateral linkages.

Framework building interventions

Interventions can be:

• Specifically targeted at:
• 1. Establishing or completing policy cycles
• 2. Building or enhancing linkages
• Approached incrementally by targeting deficient areas

Building the CLME Governance Framework “Learning by doing”

LME governance framework can accommodate

• Diversity of policy cycle arrangements and

linkages

• Hierarchical
• Collaborative
• Diversity of EBM approaches that currently exist
• Existing organizations - but will require that they

review and adjust their modes of operation

The CLME Project - Approach

Strengthening Regional Governance Engages regional and sub-regional

• rganisations to put LMR governance on

their agendas for policy decision-making.

The CLME Project – Structure:

Building a multi-level policy-cycle based governance framework

Large Pelagics Project Increases involvement in ICCAT for oceanic species and pursues regional governance arrangements for species contained in the Wider Caribbean area. Reef Fisheries and Biodiversity Enhances local level linkages among fishery and non-fishery stakeholders and upward linkages to national and regional levels Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Establishes and operates sub- regional cycle for cooperation in management Guianas-Brazil Shrimp and Groundfish Establishes and operates sub- regional cycle for cooperation in management of the shared stocks. Promoting the Caribbean Sea Initiative Works with ACS and its Caribbean Sea Commission and other regional organisations to implement the UN Resolution on the Caribbean as a special area.

Local National Global Regional Local National Global Regional

Spiny Lobster Enhances local level capacity and linkages among western Caribbean fishery stakeholders and upward linkages to national and regional levels Transboundary diagnostic analysis (TDA) Assesses issues to be addressed in activities Strategic Action Programme (SAP) Develops agreed plan to address key transboundary issues in next phase LME Level Monitoring and Reporting Develops indicators to monitor LME status

CLME Framework for fisheries

UNGA – CSD COFI? ACS – CSI/CSC WECAFC? CARICOM/CRFM? SICA/OSPESCA? OECS/ESDU? OECS? WECAFC FFWG? CRFM? OSPESCA? WECAFC WG?

Lobster cycle Pelagics cycle Flyingfish cycle Regional/subregional fisheries policy cycle Global marine policy cycle Caribbean Sea regional policy cycle

Global Regional National Local

CLME and CSI – Governance framework

DATA AND INFORM- ATION ANALYSIS AND ADVICE REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT

• ATION

DECISION MAKING

Example of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

• Regional policy level – proportion of national area in various

categories to be conserved in MPAs

• Regional technical level – linkages among national MPA systems to

achieve optimal result

• National level – which areas will be MPAs and who will manage them
• Local Level – Tactical approaches to MPA management

Note that: Functional policy cycles at all levels are important because different types of decisions take place at each level

A wide variety of technical entities with expertise in relevant areas ACS Caribbean Sea Commission reviews advice provided in response to specific requests to appropriate agencies ACS Council Primarily national and local agencies Caribbean Sea Commission and technical agencies

ACS-CLME Partnership

ACS policy cycle for living marine resources

DATA AND INFORM

• ATION

ANALYSIS AND ADVICE REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT

• ATION

DECISION MAKING

The way ahead

No nice neat off-the-shelf solution exists for CLME We can learn from other regions but… Given the nature of our region a networked approach that makes best use

• f and improves upon existing arrangements appears to be the most

feasible one We believe it can work if we are prepared to --

• make a long-term commitment
• to develop the network incrementally
• and to learn and adapt as we go

This contribution has been developed through:

The MarGov Project at CERMES

Marine Resource Governance in the Eastern Caribbean

The PROGOVNET Project

‘Strengthening Principled Ocean Governance Networks - Transferring Lessons from the Caribbean to the Wider Ocean Governance Community’ I Supported by

The Nippon Foundation