"Life is like playing a violin in a concert while learning to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

"Life is like playing a violin in a concert while learning to play and creating the score as you are playing." Rabinovic et al, (2012, p. 2)

IMPORTANT FACTS 1- Approx. 80% of Neurons are Excitatory & 20% are Inhibitory 4- Neurons are Connected in Loops and are Self-Organizing & Stable because

• f Refractoriness of Excitatory Neurons

3- The EEG is the Summation of Synaptic Potentials and Changes in the Frequency Spectrum Occur by Changes in Synaptic Potentials 6- EEG Biofeedback is Operant Learning in which a EEG event is followed by a signal that predicts a future reward. This results in the release of Dopamine that alters synapses related to a ‘trace’ of the EEG event that

• ccurred in the past.

Eric Kandel “In Search of Memory” Norton & Co., 2006 – Nobel Prize 2000 Gyorgy Buzsaki “Rhythms of the Brain”, Oxford Univ. Press, 2006

2- Pyramidal neurons have resonant oscillations controlled by the membrane potential, ionic conductances and feedback loops 5- Neurons operate in large Modules that are Cross-Frequency Sycnhronized with Phase Shift and Phase Lock as Basic Mechanisms

Reinforced with In-Phase

Suppressed if Out-of-phase

In-Phase is Reinforced Out-of-Phase is Suppressed Thalamic Gating to the Neurocortex In-Phase is Reinforced Out-of-Phase is Suppressed

Frontal Lobe

Thinking, Planning, Motor execution, Executive Functions, Mood Control

Occipital Lobe

Visual perception & Spatial processing

Parietal Lobe

somatosensory perception integration

• f visual & somatospatial information

Temporal Lobe

language function and auditory perception involved in long term memory and emotion

Brodmann Areas

Parahippocampal Gyrus

Short-term memory, attention

Anterior Cingulate Gyrus

Volitional movement, attention, long term memory

Posterior Cingulate

attention, long-term memory

ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ

Phase difference at t1, t2, t3, t4 = 450 Phase difference at t5, t6, t7, t8 = 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

+

• Time

1st Derivative of Phase-Difference

EEG Phase Reset as a Phase Transition in the Time Domain

00 900

ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ

Phase difference at

t1, t2, t3, t4 = 450

Phase difference at

t5, t6, t7, t8 = 1350

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

+

• Time

r2 r1

r1 r2

1st Derivative of Phase-Difference Negative 1st Derivative Positive 1st Derivative

1st Derivative deg/100 msec Phase Difference - deg

Phase Synchrony Interval Phase Shift

Phase Shift Duration Fp1-Fp1 Fp1-F3 Fp1-C3 Fp1-P3 Fp1-O1 Fp1-Fp1 Fp1-F3 Fp1-C3 Fp1-P3 Fp1-O1

Phase Difference in Degrees 1st Derivative deg/100 msec

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

LEFT Anterior - Posterior

40 45 50 55 60 65 70

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

RIGHT Anterior - Posterior

40 45 50 55 60 65 70

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

LEFT Posterior - Anterior

40 45 50 55 60 65 70

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

RIGHT Posterior - Anterior

40 45 50 55 60 65 70

6 cm 12 cm 18 cm 24 cm

Development of Phase Shift Duration

24 cm 6 cm 24 cm 6 cm 24 cm 6 cm 24 cm 6 cm

6 cm 12 cm 18 cm 24 cm

Development of Phase Synchrony Interval

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

LEFT Anterior - Posterior

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

RIGHT Anterior - Posterior

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

LEFT Posterior - Anterior

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years) milliseconds

. 4 4 1 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 3 . 4 9 4 . 4 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 9 7 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 . 5 6 1 . 4 4 1 1 . 4 6 1 2 . 5 2 1 3 . 5 1 1 4 . 4 5 1 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 2 2

RIGHT Posterior - Anterior

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

6 cm 24 cm 24 cm 6 cm 6 cm 24 cm 6 cm 24 cm

Published in NeuroImage – NeuroImage, 42(4): 1639-1653, 2008.

INTELLIGENCE AND EEG PHASE RESET: A TWO COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF PHASE SHIFT AND LOCK

Thatcher, R. W. 1,2, North, D. M.1, and Biver, C. J.1 EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute.

• St. Petersburg, Fl1 and Department of Neurology, University of South Florida

College of Medicine, Tampa, Fl.2

Regressions & Correlations of Phase Shift Duration Short Distances (6 cm) Regressions & Correlations of Phase Locking Interval Short Distances (6 cm)

r = .876 @ p< .01 r = .954 @ p< .0001 r = .868 @ p< .01 r = .874 @ p< .01 r = -.875 @ p< .01 r = -.930 @ p< .001 r = -.895 @ p< .01 r = -.985 @ p< .0001 IQ = 78 + 13.78 x (msec) IQ = 70 +11.85 x (msec) IQ = 75 + 24.45 x (msec) IQ = 68 + 34.40 x (msec) IQ = 143 - 3.11 x (msec) IQ = 142 - 3.36 x (msec) IQ = 132 - 4.57 x (msec) IQ = 140 - 20.08 x (msec)

Phase Shift Duration (SD) Phase Lock Duration (LD)

150 350 Full Scale I.Q. Time (msec) 40 60 Full Scale I.Q. Time (msec) 50 250 EPSP Duration Average SD LD Average

Pyramidal Cell Model of EEG Phase Reset and Full Scale I.Q.

High Low High Low Distant EPSP Loop Connections LD Local IPSP Connections SD

ef LFP Pr

Θ − Θ = ∆Φ

LFP

AUTISM AND EEG PHASE RESET: A UNIFIED THEORY OF DEFICIENT GABA MEDIATED INHIBITION IN THALAMO-CORTICAL CONNECTIONS

Thatcher, R. W. 1,2, Phillip DeFina2, James Neurbrander2, North, D. M.1, and Biver, C. J.1 EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute., St. Petersburg, Fl1 and the International Brain Research Foundation, Menlo Park, NJ2

Shift Duration Short Distances Lock Duration Short Distances Lock Duration Long Distances Shift Duration Long Distances

Msec

46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism Normals

NS =.0308 <.0001 =.0299 NS =.0060 NS T-Tests (p):

Msec

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism Normals

<.0001 <.0048 NS <.0001 <.0001 NS =.0002 T-Tests (p):

Msec

52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism Normals

=.0487 =.0120 <.0001 =.0053 <.0001 <.0001 =.0360 T-Tests (p):

Msec

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism Normals

<.0001 NS NS <.0001 <.0001 NS <.0001 T-Tests (p):

• C. Alpha2 Lock Duration Short Distances

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Autism Normals

msec msec

• A. Alpha1 Shift Duration Short Distances

Autism Normals

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

msec

• D. Alpha2 Lock Duration Long Distances

Autism Normals

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

msec

• B. Alpha1 Shift Duration Long Distances

Autism Normals

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

MSEC TOTAL COUNT

Central Frontal Occipital

AUTISM - ALPHA2 – PHASE LOCK DURATION 6cm INTER-ELECTRODE DISTANCES

TEMPORAL QUANTA AND EEG LORETA PHASE RESET

Thatcher, R.W. North, D.M. and Biver, C. J. EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fl

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

X-Shift Z-Shift Y-Shift R-Shift

Phase Reset Shift Duration LORETA Default Brain Brodmann Area Pairs

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left Brodmann Areas (36 & 39) Left

Eyes Closed Eyes Opened

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left Brodmann Areas (23 & 30) Left Brodmann Areas (9 & 39) Left Brodmann Areas (28 & 36) Left Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left Brodmann Areas (24 & 29) Left Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Right Brodmann Areas (23 & 39) Right Brodmann Areas (31 & 32) Right

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Y-Lock

Eyes Closed Eyes Opened

Brodmann Areas (8 & 10) Right Brodmann Areas (21 & 36) Right

X-Lock

Brodmann Areas (8 & 40) Right Brodmann Areas (21 & 36) Right

msec msec

Z-Lock

Brodmann Areas (28 & 32) Right Brodmann Areas (28 & 30) Right

msec

R-Lock

Brodmann Areas (9 & 30) Right Brodmann Areas (24 & 32) Right

msec

Phase Reset Lock Duration LORETA Default Brain Brodmann Area Pairs

Relations Between Phase Reset Shift & Lock Means and the Euclidean Distance Between Voxels

Distance (mm)

Shift Group Means (msec) Distance (mm)

R = .633; p <= .0001

Left Phase Shift

Distance (mm)

Lock Group Means (msec) Distance (mm)

R = -.505; p <= .0001

Left Phase Lock

Shift Group Means (msec) Distance (mm)

R = .491; p = .0027

Right Phase Shift

Lock Group Means (msec) Distance (mm)

R = -.379; p = .0249

Right Phase Lock

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

Quanta Phase Shift Durations: N = 140 Under Each Quanta Duration

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left Brodmann Areas (36 & 39) Left

Eyes Closed Eyes Opened

A 1 2 3 Temporal Quanta

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 200 400 600 800 1000 25 35 45 55 65

Euclidean Distance Between Brodmann Areas (mm) msec

Phase Lock Duration Phase Shift Duration

Gap = 135 msec

B Non-Linear Exponential Brodmann Area Distances: Shift vs Lock

Published as a chapter in “Introduction to QEEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications” Thomas Budzinsky, H. Budzinski, J. Evans and A. Abarbanel editors, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 2008.

Normative EEG Amplifiers Patient EEG Amplifiers

Frequency 0 – 40 Hz uV Frequency 0 – 40 Hz Equilibration Ratio

Normative Database Amplifier Matching – Microvolt Sine Waves 0 to 40 Hz Equilibration Ratios to Match Frequency Responses

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 Delta Theta Alpha Beta Correlation Coefficient

Absolute Power

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 Delta Theta Alpha Beta Correlation Coefficient

Relative Power

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 Delta Theta Alpha Beta Correlation Coefficient

Coherence

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 Delta Theta Alpha Beta Correlation Coefficient

Amplitude Asymmetry

Cross-Validation of NeuroGuide vs NxLink

Anterior Posterior

Correlations between DSCOREs with FULL IQ, VERB IQ, & PERF IQ

r = .829 p < .0001

PERF IQ Discriminant Scores with PERF IQ

PERF IQ DSCOREs r = -.815 p < .0001

VERB IQ Discriminant Scores with VERB IQ

VERB IQ DSCOREs

FULL IQ Discriminant Scores with FULL IQ

r = -.800 p < .0001 FULL IQ DSCOREs

Histograms of Discriminant Functions using IQ Score Measures

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

• 5
• 3
• 1

1 3 5

VERB IQ <= 90 VERB IQ >= 120 90 < VERB IQ < 120 EEG Discriminant Scores

N = 95 N = 270 N = 77

VERBAL IQ

PROPORTION PER POPULATION

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

• 5
• 3
• 1

1 3 5

PERF IQ <= 90 PERF IQ >= 120 90 < PERF IQ < 120 EEG Discriminant Scores

N = 67 N = 302 N = 73

PERFORMANCE IQ

PROPORTION PER POPULATION

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

• 5
• 3
• 1

1 3 5

PROPORTION PER POPULATION EEG Discriminant Scores FULL IQ <= 90 FULL IQ >= 120 90 < FULL IQ < 120

N = 97 N = 267 N = 70

FULL IQ

M ultiple R egressions of Q E E G w ith FU LL IQ

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 P hase D ifference C

• herence P

hase R eset per S econd P hase R eset Locking Interval M eans A m plitude A sym m etry P hase R eset D uration M eans B urst A m plitude M eans abs(O U T- P H A S E ) C ross S pectral P

• w

er abs(IN

• P

H A S E ) A bsolute P

• w

er P hase R eset A m plitude M eans P eak Frequency Q E E G ME A S U R E MULTIPLE

Essentials of Operant Conditioning 1- Specificity – Reinforce EEG events in hubs/modules in networks related to the patient’s symptoms. Minimize compensatory hubs/modules. 4- The interval of time between the spontaneous ‘emitted EEG event’ & the ‘feedback signal’ can not be too short, approx. < 250 msec? or too long

• approx. 20 sec?

2- The ‘Feedback Signal’ must predict a large & significant future reward 3- Discrete and novel feedback signals increase the probability of linking the signal and a future reward, i.e., “contingency”

Principles

1- Specificity of EEG Event (E) = Neural State Interval (I) 2- Contiguity Window ( C) = Time period preceding and following a E 3- Contingency of Reward Signal (S) = Feedback signal time locked to E 4- Reward Strength ( R) = Value of the reward if N successes occur in an interval of time, e.g., toys, candy, cookies, money, etc.

Ordinal or Nominal measure Reward Strength (R) Feedback signal time locked to E (msec) Contingency of Reward Signal (S) Time preceding/following E (msec – sec) Contiguity Window (C) Z Scores and Brodmann areas linked to symptoms Specificity of EEG Event (E)

A General Theory of EEG Operant Conditioning and Z Score Biofeedback

Category Measurement

Example of Bursts of Theta Rhythms (4 – 8 Hz) in the Human EEG Burst Duration approx. 200 msec to 600 msec

Moving Window of Operant Learning Quanta

Preconscious Phase Shift Neural Recruitment 250

• 250
• 500
• 750
• 1,000

500 Phase Lock Time (msec) Operant Association Window Spontaneous Neural State

1- “Behavioral approaches emphasize compensation” (p. 21) 2- “Restorative approaches emphasize improving weak or lost function” (p. 21) “A compensation occurs when a Noninjured brain region takes over The function of the injured region. True recovery involves improvement In function in an injured area.” (p. 22)