Life Cycles Return to Table of Contents Slide 6 / 115 Living and - - PDF document

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3rd Grade PSI

Growth and Development of Organisms

2015-12-06 www.njctl.org

Slide 2 / 115 Table of Contents

Click on the topic to go to that section

· Life Cycles · Plant Life Cycles · Animal Life Cycles · Works Cited

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Set Up: Germination Lab

Before we begin, we need to set up the Germination Lab! You will plant a seed and observe how it changes every day.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bluemoose.

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Life Cycles

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Slide 5 / 115 Living and Nonliving

Think back to what you already know about living and nonliving things. What is the difference between a living thing and a nonliving thing? Discuss as a class and write your ideas below.

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Living and Nonliving

Categorize each of the following as being either living or nonliving. Move each item into the appropriate box. river cloud vine fire baby animal bug Living Things Nonliving Things

Slide 7 / 115 Characteristics of Living Things

There are four characteristics that all living things have. Click below to watch a short video about golden retriever puppies. As you watch, take notes about what makes the puppies considered living things. Write all of your ideas in the box.

Click here to watch a video about golden retriever puppies.

Slide 8 / 115 Characteristics of Living Things

Think about all of the ideas your class has had about what makes something a living thing. Can you take your ideas and place them into 4 different categories?

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Characteristics of Living Things

No matter how different living things look, they all have these same characteristics in common: · They eat and use energy. · They grow and develop. · They reproduce. · They can interact with their environments.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: # # # Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Justin.

Slide 10 / 115 Eat / Use Energy

Can you survive if you stop eating? Eating gives us energy! Just like you, all living things need energy to survive. Animals eat lots of different types of food in

• rder to get energy and

survive. Plants do not eat food - they make their own! They use the energy from the sun to make food.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Epipelagic. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Willow.

Slide 11 / 115 Grow / Develop

All living things grow into an adult version, although how they do so varies greatly!

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Marquard. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Mdf. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Famartin.

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Reproduce

All living things reproduce, or make offspring.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Chaurasia.

Plants reproduce from seeds. Animals reproduce in many different ways. Some hatch from eggs and some develop in the mother's body.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Dilmen.

Slide 13 / 115 Interact with the Environment

What would happen if you walked outside in a shirt and shorts on a very cold day? You would probably start shivering and go back inside right away! Your body interacted with the environment. You responded to the cold temperature by shivering.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sagdejev.

Slide 14 / 115 Interact with the Environment

Living things interact with the environment in many different ways! Can you think of any other examples of how living things interact with (or respond to) the environment? Write them below.

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Interact with the Environment

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Karim.

Animals interact with their environments in order to survive. This impala heard a noise and froze, trying to determine if danger is near. If so, she will run away quickly.

Slide 16 / 115 Interact with the Environment

Plants are also able to interact with their environments.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pamri.

The flower and leaves of this sunflower will move in the direction of the sun as it moves across the sky. It does this so that it can absorb the most amount of sunlight as possible to make food.

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1 Why is a rock considered nonliving? A A rock is able to reproduce. B A rock cannot respond to its environment. C A rock uses energy. D All of the above.

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2 Plants do not interact with their environments. True False

Slide 19 / 115 Growth

Click below to watch a video of the growth of an acorn. Then, put the pictures into the correct order for an acorn's life.

Click here to watch an acorn grow from the seed to the small oak tree.

Slide 20 / 115 Life Cycle

All living things follow the same pattern of life. Living things begin small and grow into an adult stage. As an adult, living things can reproduce, creating new copies of themselves. Eventually, all living things die. This process is called a life cycle.

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Life Cycle

All living things go through a life cycle. The 4 steps of the life cycle are: · birth · growth · reproduction · death There are many different plants and animals that live their lives in different ways. Despite this, they all share these four steps of a life cycle.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Descouens. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Johansson. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Marlin.

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3 What types of living things go through a life cycle? A Some living things B Only non-living things C All living things

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4 Arrange the steps of the life cycle in the correct order. A Birth B Death C Growth D Reproduction

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Populations Change in Size

A group of a living things that lives in a certain area is called a

• population. Populations change over time. Sometimes they grow
• larger. Sometimes they grow smaller. In some situations, the

population becomes so small that it disappears. When this happens, we say that the population has gone extinct.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Smith.

Due to pollution, global warming and fungal skin infections, the golden toad went extinct in 1989.

Slide 25 / 115 Populations Change in Size

The life cycle stages are: Birth Growth Reproduction Death Increase Population Decrease Population Two of the stages increase population size, while one decreases population size. Move the stages into the correct boxes.

Slide 26 / 115 Births Increase Populations

When new living things are born, a population becomes bigger. The dots below show a population of squirrels. How large is the population? ________ In the next year, 5 new squirrels are born. Draw 5 new dots below. Now how large is the population? ________

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Deaths Decrease Populations

When living things die, a population becomes smaller. Look at our squirrel population below. There were 5 births in the last year, bringing the population up to a size of 15. In the next year, there are 7 deaths. Cross out 7 dots below. What is the population size? _______

Slide 28 / 115 Populations Change in Size

Births and deaths determine how a population changes in size. For example, let's consider a larger squirrel population. Initially there are 50 squirrels in a stand of trees. During the next year, 15 squirrels die and 10 squirrels are born. What is the new population size? Did the population increase or decrease?

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Karim.

First, let's think about how many squirrels died. 50 - 15 = 35 squirrels Now, let's think about how many squirrels were born. 35 + 10 = 45 squirrels At first, there were 50 squirrels and now there are

• 45. The population decreased in size.

Slide 29 / 115 Populations Change in Size

When more individuals die than are born, a population decreases. When more individuals are born than die, a population increases. Suppose that there are 15 ducks that live near a pond. In one year, 5 of the ducks die. How many ducks will need to be born in order for the population to increase?

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pingstone.

For the population to increase, there needs to be more births than deaths. So, at least 6 ducks need to be born in order for the population to increase.

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5 If the number of births equals the number of deaths, a population will increase in size. True False

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6 In a forest, there are 100 oak trees. Over the course of several years, 7 oak trees die and 13 new oak trees

• grow. What is the new population size?

Slide 32 / 115 Living Things

Of all the stages of the life cycle, which is most important for a specific living thing to survive over long periods of time? For example, humans have been on Earth for over 5 million years. Which stage of the life cycle has allowed humans to continue to exist? Discuss with a partner and then click in the box below. Reproduction

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Elf.

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Reproduction

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Locaguapa.

Reproduction is necessary for living things to continue to exist over time. When living things die faster than they can reproduce, they may go extinct.

Slide 34 / 115 Case Study: Arabian Oryx

The Arabian oryx is a medium-sized antelope that originally lived on the Arabian Peninsula.

Source: Wikipedia. Author: Western Region. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Afrogindahood.

Slide 35 / 115 Case Study: Arabian Oryx

Unfortunately, the Arabian oryx was hunted to extinction in the wild by 1972. If the oryx were about to go extinct, what does this tell you about the Arabian oryx and reproduction? They were being killed faster than they were able to

• reproduce. This caused their population to decrease

drastically until they finally went extinct.

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Case Study: Arabian Oryx

Fortunately, the Phoenix Zoo had 9 captive Arabian oryx. They started breeding the oryx at the zoo. When animals reproduce in a setting controlled by humans, it is called captive breeding. From those 9 individuals, the Phoenix Zoo was able to breed 200 more oryx. They distributed the oryx to other zoos, where they continued to reproduce.

Source: Wikipedia. Author: Karelj.

These oryx are at a zoo in the Czech Republic.

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In 1982, a herd of oryx was reintroduced into their natural environment and there are now over 1,100 individuals!

Case Study: Arabian Oryx

Source: Wikipedia. Author: Assaf.

Reproduction was key to the survival of the Arabian oryx. Without reproduction, the oryx would be extinct!

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7 Which characteristic of life allows living things to exist

• ver hundreds of years?

A Using energy B Growing and developing C Reproducing D Interacting with the environment

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8 If groups of animals stop reproducing, they can go extinct, or die out. True False

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Plant Life Cycles

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Slide 41 / 115 Plant Life Cycle

Plants begin life as seeds. Seeds come in many different shapes, colors and sizes.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Zenz. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Yuriy75.

Maple Tree seeds Lentil seeds Sunflower seeds

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If the seed is warm and has water, it will begin to grow. This is called

• germinating. First a tiny root grows out of the seed. Next, leaves will

grow. As the plant continues to grow, it is called a seedling.

Plant Life Cycle

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Amphis.

Click here to watch a video of radish seeds germinating.

Slide 43 / 115 Young vs. Adult Plant

The pictures below show a young American elder plant and an adult American elder plant. Use these pictures to compare young and adult plants. How are they similar? How are they different? Young Adult

Source: Ohio State University. Author: Herms. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Garg.

Slide 44 / 115 Young Plant

The young plant looks very similar to the adult plant except it may not be as big or full. The young plant cannot reproduce yet. This means it does not have seeds or flowers.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Maari. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Paquereau.

Young mango tree Adult mango tree

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Adult Plant

The adult plant reaches its full growth. Plants this age can

• reproduce. This means that they can have flowers, fruit and seeds.

Dandelion seeds grow on adult dandelions. Peaches grow

• n adult peach trees.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hume. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Descouens. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Holmstad. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Aedallou.

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Adult plant Seedling Seed

Plant Life Cycle

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Yuriy75. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bluemoose. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: 3268zauber.

Below is the life cycle of a sunflower. Label each picture as adult, seed, or seedling. Which stage is able to make new seeds? Labels:

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9 A plant's life has different stages. True False

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10 What is the first stage of a plant? A Seedling B Adult C Seed

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11 Flowers can grow on a seedling. True False

Slide 50 / 115 Lab: Germination

It's time to complete the Germination Lab. Take your observations and use them to answer the Analysis Questions.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bluemoose.

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Seeds

Let's take a closer look at seeds. Without seeds, there would be no plants! The outside of a seed is called a seed coat. What do you think is the job of the seed coat? (Hint: Why do you wear a coat in winter?) Click in the box for the answer. The seed coat protects the seed until it is time to germinate.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Schwen.

Slide 52 / 115 Seeds

Food for the seedling. Will be the roots. Will be the leaves.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Clark.

Inside the seed, there are different parts that will grow into the roots and the leaves. This is called the embryo. There is also food that will give the growing seedling energy until it can make its own.

Slide 53 / 115 Seeds

There are many different types of seeds.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Descouens. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Kratz. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Redmarkviolinist.

Pine cone (pine tree seeds) Dandelion seeds Acorns (oak trees seeds)

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Fruit

Some plants create edible sections around the seeds, called fruit. When animals eat the fruit, the seeds are moved to different areas where they can grow into new plants.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Finke. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Fir0002. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Fir0002. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Viatour.

Avocado Nectarine Kiwi Red Pepper

Slide 55 / 115 Nuts

Nuts are also a type of seed. They have an edible outer layer with a seed inside. Some people consider some nuts to be fruit!

Source: Wikipedia. Author: Fir0002. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Fir0002.

Hazelnuts The chestnut is surrounded by a prickly outer covering.

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12 The outside of a seed is called the ___. A embryo B seed hat C seed coat D seedling

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13 The developing seedling inside the seed is called the ___. A embryo B seed coat C germination D adult plant

Slide 58 / 115 Seed Lab

Seeds have lots of different parts. Can you identify all of them?

Source: National Cancer Institute. Author: Comet.

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Think back to what you learned last year... Why are flowers important to a plant? Discuss with a partner.

Flowers

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Gundelach.

Plants reproduce by creating

• seeds. Seeds are made in the

flowers. Flowers help the plant to reproduce!

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Flower Parts

Four flower parts are important for plants to reproduce (create seeds): pollen, petals, stamen and the pistil. Pistil Petals

Source: Wikipedia. Author: Kor!An.

Stamen Pollen is not identified in this picture. Do you know where it is found? Click to the next slide to find out.

Slide 61 / 115 Pollen

Pollen is the small, sticky powder found in flowers. It is usually yellow,

• range or white.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Lageras. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bresson.

Pollen is necessary for a plant to produce seeds. Plant reproduction cannot occur without pollen.

Slide 62 / 115 Stamens

Stamens make and hold the pollen. Can you see the pollen grains on the stamens of this flower?

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Zantastik.

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Pistil

The pistil is found in the middle of the flower. This is the part of the flower where the seed is made. Can you point to the pistil

• n each flowers?

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Schlosser.

Slide 64 / 115 Petals

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Grobe.

Petals surround the reproductive parts of the flower. They come in many different shapes and sizes.

Slide 65 / 115 Petals

Petals are often brightly colored. Why do you think flowers have bright petals? What purpose do they serve? Write your ideas below!

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Alvesgaspar.

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Petals and Color

Petals are brightly colored so that they can attract pollinators. Pollinators are any animal that picks up pollen from a flower and transports it to other flowers. Pollinators play an important role in plant reproduction!

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Mdf. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Severns.

Slide 67 / 115 The Transfer of Pollen

Pollen must move from one flower to another in order for a seed to be made. Pollen moves from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower. Pollinators help this to happen.

Source: Wikipedia. Author: Kor!An.

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The pollinator moves to another

• flower. The

pollinator drops pollen onto the pistil. A seed is created. The seeds falls to the ground and become buried. Pollen from the stamens rubs off

• n the pollinator.

The seed germinates and grows into an adult plant. Bright petals attract pollinators.

Plant Reproduction

Plants reproduce by creating seeds that can be buried and then grow into new plants.

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14 Which flower part is colorful and attracts animals and insects? A Stems B Petals C Seeds D Leaves

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15 Identify the stamen in this flower. C A B

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Paasikivi.

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16 The part labeled "B" is where the flower makes ______. A seeds B leaves C roots D pollen C A B

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Paasikivi.

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17 The pink parts of this flower are the flower's _______. A stamens B pistil C pollen D petals

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Szczurowski.

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18 Where is the pollen made? A Stamen B Petal C Pistil D Stem

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19 A flower cannot reproduce without which of the following? A Stamen B Pollen C Pistil D All of the above.

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Pumpkin Seed Lab

How many seeds does each fruit produce? Does the size of the fruit determine how many seeds are inside? In this lab, you will design an experiment to test these questions.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Siegel.

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Animal Life Cycles

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Slide 77 / 115 Egg Membrane Lab

Many animals begin life as an embryo inside of an egg. Today, you will set up an experiment to test the strength

• f the egg

membrane.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Titus.

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Every Animal Has a Beginning

Like plants, animals begin with an embryo stage. At the proper time, they either hatch or are born.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Dendrofil. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Belyaev.

Some animals develop inside eggs. Some animals develop inside the mother.

Slide 79 / 115 Eggs

Shell Yolk Liquid Embryo Membrane There are many different types of eggs. All eggs provide food for the growing embryo. The food is called the yolk. The shell and the membrane both protect the embryo. Some eggs have both a shell and a membrane. Others only have a membrane.

Slide 80 / 115 Eggs Without a Shell

Eggs that are laid in the water do not have a shell on the outside. They only have a membrane. The surrounding water protects the eggs. Frogs, fish, crabs, starfish and jellyfish all lay this type of egg. The membrane is so thin you can see the frog tadpoles inside.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Gallice.

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Eggs With a Soft Shell

Reptiles, like lizards, alligators and turtles, lay their eggs on the

• ground. Sometimes they cover them with sand or mud.

These eggs have a shell but it is leathery instead of hard. They do not break easily.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Chiplunkar. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Van der Sluijs.

Slide 82 / 115 Eggs With a Soft Shell

Sea turtles are reptiles that lay eggs with soft shells. In fact, sea turtle eggs look and feel exactly like ping pong balls. Sea turtles bury their eggs in the sand on the beach. When the turtles hatch, they have to climb out of the hole and make their way down to the water.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Environmental Protection Agency.

Click here to watch baby sea turtles making their way to the ocean.

Slide 83 / 115 Eggs With a Hard Shell

Bird eggs have a hard shell. You have probably seen chicken eggs. They can crack and break. The mother bird makes a nest to keep the eggs safe.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Raul654. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Animaldetector.

Ostrich egg American robin's egg

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Mammals Give Birth

Mammals are animals that do not lay eggs. The embryo develops inside the mother. As the embryo is growing and immediately after the baby is born, it gets food and protection directly from the mother.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Zanerudovica. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Karim. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Beeblebrox.

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20 All eggs MUST have a shell. Yes No

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21 The embryo in an egg gets food from the yolk. True False

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22 Which egg structure protects the embryo? A Yolk B Shell C Membrane D Both B and C

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23 Most mammals do not ___. A eat food B sleep at night C lay eggs D reproduce

Slide 89 / 115 Egg Membrane Lab

Analyze the results of your egg experiment. What is the difference between the egg shell and the egg membrane? Test the strength of the membrane by dropping it from different heights!

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Ganguly.

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Animal Life Cycle

Animals begin life as an embryo. After they hatch or are born, they develop into an adult animal. Some animals look similar as babies and adults. Other animals change drastically between the baby and adult phases.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Doubek. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: RobertG.

Panda babies look very similar to adult pandas.

Slide 91 / 115 Direct Development

When baby animals are very similar to adult animals, it is called direct development. They will grow into adult animals without any major changes.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pape. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Schliebe. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Polar Cruises.

Slide 92 / 115 What is this animal?

Look at this animal baby. Can you tell what type of animal it is?

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: San Martin.

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What is this animal?

Here is an adult version of the same animal. It is a ladybug! The young ladybug and the adult ladybug look completely different!

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Reytan.

Slide 94 / 115 Metamorphosis

When animals change structures and appearance as they grow into adults, it is called metamorphosis. "morph" = change

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: San Martin. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Reytan.

Slide 95 / 115 Metamorphosis - Frogs

Frogs are well known for undergoing metamorphosis.

Source: Wikimedia

• Commons. Author:

Tarquin. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Viridiflavus. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Viridiflavus. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Chemicalinterest. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hexasoft.

Frog eggs are laid underwater. The tadpoles that hatch have gills and live underwater. During metamorphosis, legs grow, lungs replace gills and the tail is absorbed.

Click here to watch a video of tadpole metamorphosis and flatfish metamorphosis.

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Insect Metamorphosis

Insects undergo two different types of metamorphosis. Look at the pictures below. What differences do you see between the two?

Eggs Nymph Adult

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Totodu74. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Laitche.

Eggs Larva Pupa Adult

Complete Metamorphosis

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Korall. Source: Wikimedia

• Commons. Author:

Pollinator. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Zander.

Slide 97 / 115 Complete Metamorphosis

Insects that go through complete metamorphosis undergo 4 life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The larva and the adult look very different from each other. The pupa stage is an inactive stage where no feeding occurs. During the pupa stage, the larva changes into the adult. The pupa is often called a cocoon or chrysalis.

Source: Wikimedia

• Commons. Author:

Bohringer. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Zurreck. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Planktune. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Evenor.

Egg Larva Pupa Adult

Slide 98 / 115 Complete Metamorphosis - Butterfly

Butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis. They hatch from eggs as caterpillars. Then, as pupa, they transform into butterflies.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bauer. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bauer. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bauer.

Caterpillar (larva) Chrysalis (pupa) Butterfly (adult)

Click here to watch a video describing butterfly metamorphosis.

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Incomplete Metamorphosis

Incomplete metamorphosis occurs in many insects. There are 3 life stages: egg, nymph and adult.

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Totodu74. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Laitche. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Siga.

Incomplete metamorphosis does not include a pupa stage. Instead, these insects molt (shed) their skin several times as they grow. At the final molt, they emerge as the adult insect. The middle picture shows the adult dragonfly emerging from the final nymph stage. Nymph Adult

Click here to watch an adult dragonfly emerge from the nymph skin.

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24 All babies look just like the adult when they are born. True False

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25 Below is a picture of a baby koala riding on the back of the koala mom. What type of development do koala undergo? A direct metamorphosis B metamorphosis

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Benjamint444.

C indirect metamorphosis D direct development

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26 A tadpole looks nothing like an adult frog. The tadpole goes through a metamorphosis in order to become an adult. True False

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27 The mud dauber is a type of wasp that lays eggs inside

• f a mud nest. The wasps that hatch from the eggs go

through a pupa stage during the winter and then emerge from the mud nest as an adult in the spring. What type of development is this? A Direct development B Complete metamorphosis C Incomplete metamorphosis D Live birth

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Descouens.

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28 What type of animals go through complete / incomplete metamorphosis? A All animals B Only butterflies C Frogs D Insects

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29 Complete metamorphosis has 3 stages while incomplete metamorphosis has 4 stages. True False

Slide 106 / 115 Life Cycles Research Project

What is your favorite plant and animal? Research their life cycles. How are they similar? How are they different?

Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: # # # Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Justin.

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Works Cited

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3268zauber 2009, Drei Sonnenblumen im Feld.jpg, photograph, viewed on 28 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drei_Sonnenblumen_im_Feld.JPG>. Aedallou 2013, Aldannya 2.jpeg, photograph, viewed on 28 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aldannya_2.jpeg>. Afrogindahood 2015, Arabian Peninsula (orthographic projection).png, illustration, viewed on 25 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arabian_Peninsula_(orthographic_projection).png>. Alvesgaspar 2008, Flower poster 2.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_poster_2.jpg>. Amphis 2012, Quercus robur - sprouting acorn.jpg, photograph, viewed on 28 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quercus_robur_-_sprouting_acorn.jpg>. Animaldetector 2009, Animaldetectorrobineggs.jpg, photograph, viewed on 2 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animaldetectorrobineggs.jpg>. Assaf, Tamar 2008, Arabian orix.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 August 2015, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabian_orix_.JPG>. Bauer, Christian 2004, ChristianBauer Pieris rapae caterpillar2.jpg, photograph, viewed on 7 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChristianBauer_Pieris_rapae_caterpiller2.jpg>. Bauer, Christian 2004, ChristianBauer Pieris rapae caterpiller.jpg, photograph, viewed on 7 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChristianBauer_Pieris_rapae_caterpiller.jpg>. Bauer, Christian 2004, ChristianBauer Pieris rapae youngadult.jpg, photograph, viewed on 7 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChristianBauer_Pieris_rapae_youngadult.jpg>. Beeblebrox 2002, Moose calves nursing.jpg, photograph, viewed on 2 September, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moose_calves_nursing.jpg>. Belyaev, Alexandr 2006, Dachshund puppies.jpg, photograph, viewed on 31 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dachshund_puppies.jpg>. Benjamint444 2010, Koala and joey.jpg, photograph, viewed on 7 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koala_and_joey.jpg>. Berger, Einar Helland 2005, Et baal.jpg, photograph, viewed on 24 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Et_baal.jpg>. Bluemoose 2005, Sunflower seedlings.jpg, photograph, viewed on 24 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_seedlings.jpg>. Bohringer, Friedrich 2008, MarienkaferEier 03.jpg, photograph, viewed on 7 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marienk%C3%A4ferEier_03.JPG>.

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