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Gender & Development Community of Practice/Gender CCSA Event 29 October 2014
Leveling the Field: Closing the Gender Gap in African Agriculture
Michael O’Sullivan, Economist Gender Innovation Lab & Poverty Global Practice
Partners
Leveling the Field: Closing the Gender Gap in African Agriculture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Leveling the Field: Closing the Gender Gap in African Agriculture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Leveling the Field: Closing the Gender Gap in African Agriculture Michael OSullivan, Economist Gender Innovation Lab & Poverty Global Practice Gender & Development Community of Practice/Gender CCSA Event 29 October 2014 Partners
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SLIDE 3 Photo credit: UC Davis
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Image source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) http://www.fao.org/sofa/gender/en/
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SLIDE 7 Photo credits: LSMS-ISA
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SLIDE 9 Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons
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Is equalizing access enough?
“If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields…” “In agriculture, gender differences almost always disappear...”
x x
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Male farmer Female farmer
1 kg of fertilizer (quantity)
after harvesting after harvesting
Yield from 1 kg of fertilizer (returns)
Gaps in returns also matter
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What are the facts?
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How much less do women produce per hectare?
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Quantities (82% of the gap) Returns (18% of the gap)
Source: T. Kilic, A. Palacios-Lopez & M. Goldstein. 2013. “Caught in a Productivity Trap: A Distributional Perspective on Gender Differences in Malawian Agriculture.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #6381.
House- hold male labor High- value export crops Farm implements Inorganic fertilizer House- hold male labor Inorganic fertilizer Child dependency ratio
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Source: A. Aguilar, E. Carranza, M. Goldstein, T. Kilic, & G. Oseni. 2014. “Decomposition of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #6764.
Quantities (43% of the gap) Returns (57% of the gap)
House- hold labor Land tenancy Land tenancy Fertilizer Women’s time on ag activities Ag extension services
SLIDE 20 Photo credits: LSMS-ISA & CIMMYT
What’s driving Africa’s gender gap?
Quantities & returns: Farm labor (esp. male labor) Returns: Ratio of children to adults in the household Quantities & returns: Fertilizer
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How do we level the field?
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- 1. Strengthen women’s land rights.
- 2. Improve women’s access to hired
labor.
- 3. Enhance women’s use of tools &
equipment that reduce the amount
- f labor they require on the farm.
- 4. Provide community-based child-
care centers. LAND LABOR NON- LABOR INPUTS
- 5. Encourage women farmers to use
more, & higher-quality, fertilizer.
- 6. Increase women’s use of improved
seeds.
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- 7. Tailor extension services to
women’s needs, and leverage social networks to spread agricultural knowledge. INFOR- MATION ACCESS TO MARKETS
- 8. Promote women’s cultivation of
high-value/cash crops.
- 10. Raise education levels of adult
female farmers.
- 9. Facilitate women’s access to &
effective participation in markets. HUMAN CAPITAL
SLIDE 24 Photo credit: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Offer financing for farm labor
SLIDE 25 Photo credit: UNICEF Uganda
Provide community child care centers
SLIDE 26 Photo credit: AGRA Malawi
Certify small bags of quality fertilizer
SLIDE 27 Photo credit: Development Alternatives, Inc.
Register women’s land rights
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Broader lessons for policy and programs
- Look for complementarities in programming
- Partner with the private sector
- Recognize when to stop a program
- Channel interventions through women’s
farming groups to deepen impact
- Cash might be enough for some farmers
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It’s not just the right thing to do. It’s the smart thing to do.
A joint collaboration of the World Bank (Gender Innovation Lab; DEC/LSMS- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture; and Agriculture Global Practice) and the ONE Campaign