Lecture 14 HCI History Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Lecture 14 HCI History Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer Interaction Computer Science Department Oklahoma University Spring 2007 [Taken from Stanford CS147 with permission] CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer Learning Goals Be familiar with

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Lecture 14 – HCI History

Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer Interaction Computer Science Department Oklahoma University Spring 2007 [Taken from Stanford CS147 with permission]

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Learning Goals

  • Be familiar with the development of

the major strands of interaction design and the technologies underlying them

  • Gain an appreciation for the research,

development and thought that went into the interfaces which today seem so mundane and commonplace

  • Have a perspective on where things

are going at the moment and likely to continue in the future

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Generations of Human-Computer Interaction (Nielsen++)

  • Pre-history – to 1945
  • Pioneer – 1945-55
  • Historical – 1955-65
  • Traditional – 1965-80
  • Modern – 1980-90
  • Web – 1990-…
  • Mobile/Ubiquitous – 1990-…
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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Pre-history

  • Precursors (Babbage, Jacquard

Loom, ...)

  • Plugboards and Punchcards
  • Tabulating machines, calculators,..
  • Communications – Teletype, Fax,…
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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Jacquard Loom (1804) Babbage Difference Engine (1849)

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Hollerith Punch Cards (1890)

Hollerith Electric Tabulator, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 1908, Photograph by Waldon Fawcett. Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-45687.

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Teletype (ca. 1910)

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Prehistory: Key Advances

  • Ability for a mechanism to follow a

sequence of operations according to pre-programmed instructions

  • Digital encoding of information

(both text content and instructions

  • n what to do)
  • Transmission of digital information
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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Pioneer (1945-1955)

  • Stored program computers (Von

Neumann)

  • Complex electromechanical control

systems (eg., bomb controls, aircraft controls…)

– Primary Interaction Mode: A person is playing a part in controlling a complex realtime system. The interface is designed to provide information and control possibilities that are suited to the limitations of human performance and the demands of the task.

  • Key Advances

– Programmable digital computers – Systematic study of human factors

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Historical (1955-1965)

  • Specialized computers and

interaction modes, often for a single highly trained user

  • Integrated systems (e.g., air defense /

SAGE)

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Spacewar MIT PDP-1 (1960)

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Lincoln Labs TX-2 Sketchpad (1962)

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Sage Air Defense (1963)

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Historical: Key Advances

  • Real-time interactive systems
  • First interactive computer games
  • Graphic interaction
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Traditional 1965-1980

  • Mainframe – Batch Processing
  • Time Sharing – Command Dialog
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Batch Processing

  • A user prepares data ofg line, submits it

for a "run", and is given back an ofg line version of the results. Cycle time can be short but in many installations was hours or days.

  • The computer ran one job after another

without waiting for users to do anything

  • Interaction through card decks and

printouts

  • Batch processing facilitated the effjcient

use of computers without waiting for human input

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Time Sharing Text Command Line Interaction

login as: winograd winograd@graphics's password: Last login: Tue Sep 20 15:22:48 2005 from xtz.stanford.edu *********************** * Welcome to SULinux! * * Authorized Use Only * *********************** Hint: run /usr/sbin/sulinux to reconfigure at any time Graphics> echo "hello world" hello world Graphics> connect to the web connect: Command not found. Graphics> help help: Command not found. Graphics> rm –R * Graphics>

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Full-Screen Interaction

  • Machine provides a pre-planned

structure (often branching) of screens with blanks to be filled in and menus that ofger options to go to other

  • screens. User fills in the blanks, use

menu to go to other screens

  • Early embodiment in 3270 terminals
  • Common in data entry, service jobs, etc.
  • This was the interaction style for most

early Web pages, including most uses of forms

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Key Advances: Historical

  • Spread of computers to industry and

government

  • Real-time data entry
  • Control over writing on screens
  • Interactive applications
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Modern (1980-1995)

  • Personal Computers
  • Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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Personal Computers

  • Early small hobbyist computers

– MITS Altair (Roberts, 1975) – Apple I, (Jobs and Wozniak, 1976)

  • Commercialized personal computers

– Apple II, 1977 – IBM PC 1981

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Altair (1975)

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Apple I (1976)

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Key Advances: Hobbyist computers

  • Machines cheap enough to be used

by someone other than government and big business or research labs

  • Created the opportunity for a wide

number of developers to start building software

– Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote version of BASIC for MITS Altair – giving Microsoft its start

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Commercialized Personal Computers

Apple II 1977 IBM PC 1981

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Visicalc (1979) and Lotus 1-2-3 (1980)

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Key Advances : Commercial PCs

  • Apple II, 1977

– Key advances: First general purpose personal computer used widely in business (because of VisiCalc)

  • IBM PC, 1981

– Key advances: Making the PC respectable to business in general by putting the IBM label

  • n it
  • Features

– Character terminal – Text UI standards (IBM CUA) – Graphics: non-standard

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

  • Bitmapped screen – pixels rather

than characters

  • WYSYWIG

(What You See is What You Get)

  • Direct Manipulation
  • WIMP

(Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing)

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Precursor - Augment (Engelbart, 1968)

  • Key advances: Mouse, direct

manipulation of text, outlining, word processing, hyperlinking, multi-function integration

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Augment at SRI (ca. 1965)

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Xerox PARC Graphical Workstations

Alto (research prototype), 1973 Star (commercial product), 1981

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Xerox Star (1981)

  • Introduced windows

commercially, $17K

  • Key advances: Integrated

networked document environment, WYSYWIG text editing, icons, property sheets, window management, ...

– Unique design process (8 years of prototyping)

  • Design first, then code
  • Objects & Actions
  • Graphic designers
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Apple Lisa (1983)

  • Apple’s first bitmapped-GUI computer
  • Inspired by Alto (not Star)

– 1-button mouse

  • Key advances:

– Menu bar (instead of pop-up menus)

  • But: underpowered, bad marketing

($10K)

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Apple Macintosh (1984)

  • Lisa follow-up
  • Key advances:

– GUI afgordable to huge new user community – First commercially successful WIMP system, $2500 – Hypercard for mass authoring – Most consistent commercial WIMP UI

  • Macintosh Human Interface

Guidelines

  • Apple Evangelists
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Hypercard

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GUI Software Platforms

  • Windows 3.0, 95, 98, NT, XP, Vista…

– Brought GUIs to the mass market

  • Macintosh OS7,8,9, OSX, Cheetah, Puma,

Jaguar, Panther, Tiger, Leopard…

– One step ahead

  • Variants

– Open Look, Motif, Gnome, NextStep, BeOS, …

The paradigm is basically stable. What’s next?

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Key Advances: GUI Workstations

  • Xerox Alto (1973)

– Menus, windows, pointing, dragging, etc. as we now know them

  • Xerox Star (1981)

– Integrated networked document environment with many of the features we now take for granted: WYSYWIG text editing, icons, property sheets, window management, etc. – Unique design process (8 years of prototyping)

  • Apple Lisa (1983), Macintosh (1984)

– Made the GUI interface afgordable and usable to a huge new community of users.

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Web Interfaces (1990-…)

  • World Wide Web, Berners Lee, 1990
  • First Graphic browser – Mosaic

– NCSA - University of Illinois, 1993

  • Search Engine

– Webcrawler, Lycos, Altavista…1993-95 – Google, 1998

  • Graphic design (Director, Flash,…)

– http://www.adobe.com/products/flash/ flashpro/productinfo/features/

  • Rich Web Interfaces 2000…
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NCSA Mosaic

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Key Advances: Web interfaces

  • First Generation – browsers and full

screen interaction

– Universal access to sites irrespective of location or computing platform

  • Second Generation – Better visual design

(e.g, CSS, Flash, multimedia,…)

– Aesthetic control and impact

  • Web 2.0 – Browser as powerful client,

accessing web-based services

– Integrated networked-based applications that leverage large-scale services (search, maps, etc.) – Blurs boundary between applications and web

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Mobile Computing (1995 - …)

  • PDAs

– Apple Newton (1993)

  • Depended heavily on Handwriting, failed in

the market

– Palm Pilot (1996)

  • Used Graffjti, first commercial success
  • Mobile Connected Devices

– Cell Phones ++ – SoMoCo (Social Mobile Computing)

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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Apple Newton (1993) Palm Pilot (1996)

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Mobile Devices

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Research directions [for another lecture]

  • Virtual Reality
  • Augmented Reality
  • Natural Language, Intelligent Agents
  • Pen-based interaction
  • Wearable Afgective Computing
  • Multimodal Interaction
  • Tangible Interaction
  • Human-Robot Interaction
  • Ubiquitous Computing

These have been explored for many years, but not made it into mainstream use. Which of them (or something else) will be the next big thing?