Landscape fragmentation fragmentation Landscape due to to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Landscape fragmentation fragmentation Landscape due to to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 31, 2023 279 likes •513 views

Landscape fragmentation fragmentation Landscape due to to transportation transportation infrastructure infrastructure due and urban development development and urban Dr. Jochen Jaeger Dr. Jochen Jaeger ETH Zurich Zurich, , Switzerland

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SLIDE 1

Landscape Landscape fragmentation fragmentation

due due to to transportation transportation infrastructure infrastructure and urban and urban development development

  • Dr. Jochen Jaeger
  • Dr. Jochen Jaeger

ETH ETH Zurich Zurich, , Switzerland Switzerland, May 2004 , May 2004

jochen.jaeger@env.ethz.ch jochen.jaeger@env.ethz.ch

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SLIDE 2

Landscape in the vicinity of Singen (Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) in 1969

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SLIDE 3

20 years later: Motorway intersection „Singen“ in 1988 1969

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SLIDE 4

Baden- Wurttemberg

(Jaeger et al. 2001)

How much has the degree of landscape fragmentation increased? How can the consequences be assessed?

Black Forest

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SLIDE 5

Structure of this talk Structure of this talk

  • Measuring landscape fragmentation

Measuring landscape fragmentation

  • Effective mesh size

Effective mesh size

  • Time series

Time series

  • Use as environmental indicator

Use as environmental indicator

  • Effects of roads on animal populations

Effects of roads on animal populations

  • Road

Road-

  • density threshold

density threshold

  • Suitability of fencing

Suitability of fencing

  • Future research

Future research

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SLIDE 6

How to measure the degree of How to measure the degree of landscape fragmentation landscape fragmentation

  • 9 suitability criteria

9 suitability criteria

  • Serious problems with existing landscape indices

Serious problems with existing landscape indices

  • New measure:

New measure: effective mesh size effective mesh size, , m meff

eff

  • Based on the probability that two randomly chosen

Based on the probability that two randomly chosen points can be connected: points can be connected:

  • m

meff

eff now available in F

now available in FRAGSTATS

RAGSTATS (on the www)

(on the www)

Jaeger (2000), Landscape Ecology

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SLIDE 7

Spatial Spatial comparisons comparisons

m meff

eff in the

in the 44 rural districts 44 rural districts in Baden in Baden-

  • W

Wurttemberg urttemberg

Jaeger et al. (2001) Jaeger et al. (2001)

30.26 24.61 24.60 18.65 17.26 15.91 15.48 14.80 14.16 13.05 12.17 11.61 10.25 10.22 8.98 8.87 8.83 8.69 8.18 8.09 7.96 7.78 7.46 7.25 7.24 7.13 7.11 6.89 6.63 6.21 6.17 5.51 5.42 5.01 4.96 4.62 4.29 3.82 2.68 2.55 2.37 2.31 1.74 1.63

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Ortenaukreis Emmendingen Freudenstadt Breisgau-Hochschw. Rastatt Reutlingen Zollernalbkreis Tübingen Calw Baden-Baden Lörrach Tuttlingen Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis Heidenheim Alb-Donau-Kreis Ostalbkreis Waldshut Main-Tauber-Kreis Rottweil Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis Göppingen Freiburg i. B., St. Böblingen Karlsruhe Esslingen Biberach Sigmaringen Heilbronn Rhein-Neckar-Kreis Rems-Murr-Kreis Ravensburg Schwäbisch Hall Enzkreis Hohenlohekreis Konstanz Heidelberg, Stadt Ludwigsburg Bodenseekreis Heilbronn, Stadt Pforzheim Karlsruhe, Stadt Ulm Mannheim Stuttgart

km2

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SLIDE 8

Landscape change: Time series Landscape change: Time series

  • Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the

Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the Environmental Report of Baden Environmental Report of Baden-

  • Wu

Wurttemberg (2003) rttemberg (2003)

10 20 30

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

meff [km2]

Year

Baden-Wurttemberg

1930 1940 1950 1966 1977 1989 1998 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

P L U K B R H

Pforzheim Ludwigsburg Ulm Konstanz Bodenseekreis Ravensburg Hohenlohekreis

meff [km2]

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SLIDE 9

Useful for m Useful for measurements easurements and and assessments assessments: :

Results published in: Results published in:

Jaeger, J. 2002: Jaeger, J. 2002: Landschaftszerschneidung Landschaftszerschneidung. . Ulmer, Stuttgart. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

(English translation in planning) (English translation in planning)

  • time

time series series ( (environmental environmental indicator indicator) )

  • setting

setting environmental environmental standards standards

  • management

management and and regulation regulation for for the the future future

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SLIDE 10

m meff

eff currently used in

currently used in

  • 5 states of Germany:

5 states of Germany:

  • Baden

Baden-

  • Wu

Wurttemberg, rttemberg,

  • Hesse

Hesse, ,

  • Bavaria,

Bavaria,

  • Thu

Thuringia ringia, ,

  • Schleswig

Schleswig-

  • Holstein.

Holstein.

  • Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of

Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of sustainability. sustainability.

  • European Environmental Agency (EEA)

European Environmental Agency (EEA)

  • Switzerland: Project proposal in progress

Switzerland: Project proposal in progress

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SLIDE 11

0.00 2500.00 5000.00 7500.00 10000.00

Belgium Denmark Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Czech Republic Hugary Slovenia Austria Croatia Portugal Switzerland Slovakia France Bulgaria Ireland Poland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Spain Italy Bosnia and Herzegowina M acedonia Romania Greece Albania Latvia Norway Lithuania Sweden Estonia Finland

Collaboration Collaboration with the with the European European Environmental Environmental Agency (EEA) Agency (EEA)

  • since Nov. 2003

since Nov. 2003

  • 32 European

32 European countries countries

Jaeger et al., Jaeger et al., in prep in prep. .

meff [km2]

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SLIDE 12

Effects of roads and railroads Effects of roads and railroads

  • Road

Road Ecology Ecology: an : an emerging emerging new new and and relevant relevant discipline discipline

  • Road

Road Ecology Ecology is is “ “the the sleeping sleeping giant giant of

  • f

conservation conservation biology biology“ “ (Forman 2002) (Forman 2002) Buch Buch Forman et al. (2003) Forman et al. (2003) scannen scannen hier hier

2003

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SLIDE 13

Reduced Population Persistence Reduced Population Size

Roads and Traffic

Habitat Loss Traffic Mortality

R.I.P.

Road Avoidance Population Subdivision

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SLIDE 14

Increasing road density Increasing road density… …

… …reduces probability of population persistence: reduces probability of population persistence: Linearly or with a threshold? Linearly or with a threshold?

. . .

?

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SLIDE 15

The The road road density density threshold threshold

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

Number of roads Probability of population persistence Jaeger, J., Fahrig, L., Ewald, K., in prep.

Artwork thanks to Cristina Boschi.

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SLIDE 16

Behavior at the road Behavior at the road

road avoidance road avoidance = animals don = animals don’ ’t try to cross t try to cross traffic mortality traffic mortality = percent of animals killed on the road = percent of animals killed on the road

proportion of animals avoiding the road proportion of animals killed 100% proportion of succeeding animals

1- R R

1-K K

road

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SLIDE 17

Spatially explicit individual Spatially explicit individual-

  • based simulation model

based simulation model

road

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SLIDE 18

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

  • Pers. prob.

traffic mortality road avoidance

Persistence probability

effect of a fence

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SLIDE 19

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

  • Pers. prob.

traffic mortality road avoidance

Persistence probability

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SLIDE 20

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

traffic mortality road avoidance

When do fences enhance population survival?

fence reduces survival fence enhances survival Fence Fence threshold line

Jaeger and Fahrig (2004), Conservation Biology

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SLIDE 21

Future research questions Future research questions

  • Bundling of roads

Bundling of roads

  • Relative importance of road configuration and

Relative importance of road configuration and road length road length

  • Response times to new roads

Response times to new roads

  • Landscape connectivity

Landscape connectivity

  • Effect of different matrix types

Effect of different matrix types

  • Time series of landscape fragmentation in

Time series of landscape fragmentation in Switzerland Switzerland

  • Comparison with

Comparison with metapopulation metapopulation models models

  • Empirical data

Empirical data

  • Effects of overpasses and underpasses

Effects of overpasses and underpasses

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SLIDE 22

Collaboration Collaboration

  • L.
  • L. Fahrig

Fahrig, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada , Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

  • A. Clevenger
  • A. Clevenger, Montana State Univ., USA

, Montana State Univ., USA

  • A. Seiler
  • A. Seiler, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden

, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden

  • S.
  • S. Kleeschulte

Kleeschulte, EEA, Univ. , EEA, Univ. Auton

  • Auton. de Barcelona, Spain

. de Barcelona, Spain

  • K. Frank
  • K. Frank, UFZ Leipzig, Germany

, UFZ Leipzig, Germany

  • H.

H.-

  • G. Schwarz
  • G. Schwarz-
  • von

von Raumer Raumer, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany , Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany

  • R.
  • R. Serrouya

Serrouya, , Kokanee Kokanee Forest Forest Consulting Consulting, , BC, Canada BC, Canada

  • S. Alexander
  • S. Alexander, Univ. of Calgary, AB, Canada

, Univ. of Calgary, AB, Canada

  • M. Percy
  • M. Percy, Banff National Park, BC, Canada

, Banff National Park, BC, Canada

  • S.
  • S. Saura

Saura, Univ. de , Univ. de Lleida Lleida, Spain , Spain

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SLIDE 23

Summary Summary

  • Monitoring landscape fragmentation

Monitoring landscape fragmentation (as environmental indicator) (as environmental indicator)

  • Effects of roads: Thresholds in

Effects of roads: Thresholds in response to road density and response to road density and suitability of fences suitability of fences

  • Individual

Individual-

  • based

based population models population models