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Katerina Ioannou Has an increasingly larger nuclear power program - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Katerina Ioannou Has an increasingly larger nuclear power program - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Katerina Ioannou Has an increasingly larger nuclear power program and expects to have 20,000MWe nucler capacity by 2020. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power int he future. Due to its weapons program, for 34 yrs it
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In 2008 India produced 830 billion kWh, still it
represented only 700kWh per capita for the
- year. Due to transmission losses final
consumption was 591 billion kWh
Coal -> 68% of electricity (limited reserves) Gas -> 8% Hydro - > 14% Shortage in fossil fuels
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India's situation as a nuclear-armed country excluded
it from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT),[India could only join the NPT if it disarmed and joined as a Non Nuclear Weapons State, which is politically impossible].So this and the related lack of full-scope IAEA safeguards meant that India was isolated from world trade by the Nuclear Suppliers' Group.
Operation Smiling Buddha, initiated by the prime
minister Indira Gandhi 1972. The nuclear devise was designated Pokhran (Rajastan Dessert, north) 18 May 1974, Magnitude 8kt. Materials were provided by the canadenian goverment.
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In September 2008 in recognition of the
country's impeccable non-proliferation credentials and guarded against commercial or illicit export to other countries a waiver to the trade embargo was agreed.
Up to that point Its power reactors to the mid
1990s had some of the world's lowest capacity factors, but rose impressively from 60% in 1995 to 85% in 2001-02. Then in 2008-10 the load factors dropped due to shortage of uranium fuel.
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Hearvy Water Reactors (HWR) Are fission
reactors that use heavy hydrogen as neutron moderators in order to be slowed down in the splitting of atoms
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Is
a nuclear power reactor, water coolant is kept under pressure in order to raise its boiling point enhancing neutron economy.
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Light water Reactors (LWR) Are thermal
reactors I n this cased the neutrons are absorbed, enriched uranium is needed
Pressurized Light water Reactors (LWR)
Water is pumped under high pressure in the reactor where it is heated by the enrgy
- generated. Hot water flows to steam
generator, which spins an electric turbine
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Fast neutron Reactor Is nuclear Reactor
where fission chain reaction is carried out by fast neutron, achieved using fuel with quantities of fissile material. This reactor can reduce the total radiotoxicity of nuclear waste.
Breeder Reactor can burn more natural
uranium and produce less waste. India uses fast and thermal breeder reactors
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73,000 tonnes U as
RAR (reasonable assured resources)
33,000 tonnes U as
inferred resources
Common mill in
Jarkhand and processes 2090 tonnes/day.
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First case: In 2009 RAPS-2 became the first Pressurised
Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) to be fuelled with imported uranium. It used natural fuel uranium pellets from TVEL Russia.cost $780mil for 10yrs supply
In July 2010 the Minister for Science & Technology reported
that India had received 868 tU from France, Russia & Kazakhstan in the year to date.
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DAE's Nuclear Fuel Complex at Hyderabad undertakes
refining and conversion of uranium, which is received as magnesium diuranate (yellowcake) and refined.
The main 400 t/yr plant fabricates PHWR fuel (which is
unenriched).
A small (25 t/yr) fabrication plant makes fuel for the Tarapur
BWRs from imported enriched (2.66% U-235) uranium.
Depleted uranium oxide fuel pellets (from reprocessed
uranium) and thorium oxide pellets are also made for PHWR fuel bundles.
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Fuel fabrication: a new 500 t/yr PHWR fuel plant at
Rawatbhata in Rajasthan, to serve the larger new reactors. Each 700 MWe reactor is said to need 125 t/yr of fuel.
Reprocessing compirises of the extraction of uranium and
plutonium, independent of each other, and other minor
- elements. It is the chemical separation from the fission
- products. India uses the standard method of PUREX
(Plutonium and Uranium Recovery by Extraction). This is liquid
- liquid extraction method used to reprocess used nuclear
fuel.
In 2011 capacity was understood to be 200 t/yr at
Tarapur, 100 t/yr at Kalpakkam and 30 t/yr at Trombay, total 330 t/yr, all related to the indigenous PHWR program.
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India has RAR of 319,000 tonnes of thorium-
approximately 14% of the world total.
Goal is to further advance in the thorium cycle. Stage 1: PHWRs fuelled by natural uranium &
light water reactors to produce plutonium
Stage 2: fast neutron reactors burnthe
plutonium to breed U-233 from thorium. Around the core there will beuranium and thorium, hence further plutonium is produced as well as the U-233
Stage 3: Advanced Heavy Water Reactors
(AHWRs) burn the U-233
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Thorium uranium silicate http://www.thorium.tv/en/thorite/thorite.php
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Thorium fuel when compared with uranium:
Rubbia* states a tonne of thorium can produce
as much energy as 200 tonnes of uranium, or 3,500,000 tonnes of coal
Three times more abundant than uranium Thorium produces 10 to 10,000 times less long-
lived radioactive waste;
Thorium comes out of the ground as a 100%
pure, usable isotope, which does not require enrichment, whereas natural uranium contains
- nly 0.7% fissionable U-235;
Thorium cannot sustain a nuclear chain reaction
without priming, so fission stops by default.
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High level
Vitrification: Process of transformation into glass.Vitrified
waste is stored in a specially designed Solid Storage Surveillance Facility (SSSF) for about 30 years prior to its disposal in deep geological formation.(crystalline rock near Kalpakkam)
Joule Melter Technology is in progress at BARC. In Joule
heating an electric current is passed through a material, in this case glass. The internal resistance of the material causes the electric currents to be dissipated as heat. Melt temperature in JHMs is 1150ºC.
A facility for the immobilisation of waste in a cement matrix
has been commissioned at Kalpakkam.
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its desire to be recognised as the dominant
power in the region;
its increasing concern with China's expanding
nuclear weapons and missile delivery programs; and
its concern about Pakistan, with its nuclear
weapons capability
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India to establish new nuclear regulator The Indian government has announced that it will legislate to set up a new independent and autonomous Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India that will subsume the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), which currently comes under the Atomic Energy Commission and has been criticized for lack of
- independence. It is responsible for the regulation and licensing of all nuclear
facilities and their safety, and carries authority conferred by the Atomic Energy Act for radiation safety and by the Factories Act for industrial safety in nuclear
- plants. However, it is not an independent statutory authority, and its major 1995