Japanese EGS experience and Japanese EGS experience and modeling - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
ENGINE Workshop 2 in Volterra - ITALY, 1-4 April 2007 Japanese EGS experience and Japanese EGS experience and modeling efforts modeling efforts a review of Hijiori HDR project - a review of Hijiori HDR project - JAPEX Research
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JAPEX Research Center
Kazuhiko TEZUKA
JAPEX Research Center
Kazuhiko TEZUKA
ENGINE Workshop 2 in Volterra - ITALY, 1-4 April 2007
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elbow broken
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Outlines Outlines
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Location of Location of Hijiori Hijiori HDR Test Site HDR Test Site
Hijiori Test Site
Tohoku University Tokyo
Hijiori Spa
D
z a n R i v e r
Nigamizu River
Test Site
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Geology Geology
Granodiorite
Gassan Formation Ohkura, Aosawa Tachiyazawa Formation (Siliceous tuff) Kusanagi (Sandstone) Kusanagi (Mudstone) Lake Deposit Cretaceous
白亜紀
Neogene
新第三紀
Quaternary
第四紀
S N
Reservoir is in Cretaceous granodiorite (>1500m) which is covered by Neogene sediments.
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Temperature Distribution Temperature Distribution
S N 200℃ surface 270℃ @ 2300m
High temperature anomaly was formed along fault. Temperature exceeds 270degC.
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Position of Position of Hijiori Hijiori HDR project HDR project
short Well Intervallong Temperature
Hijiori 270℃,~130m Ogachi 250℃,～80m Fenton Hill (PhaseII) 232℃,150~300m Rosemanowes 80℃,180~270m Soultz (Deep) 200℃,600m Cooper Basin 250℃, 500m Soultz (Shallow) 170℃,450m
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History of Hijiori HDR Project History of Hijiori HDR Project
1992 : Deep Reservoir Creation 1995-1996: Short Term Circulation 1984-1986: Shallow Reservoir Creation 1997-1999: Preparation 2000-2002: Long Term Circulation 1991 : Shallow Reservoir Circulation 1993-1994: Drilling Deeper HDR-2a, HDR-3
HDR-1
1987-1990: Drilling HDR-1, HDR-2, HDR-3
HDR-3 HDR-2 SKG-2
Hijiori project was carried out by NEDO and five companies (GERD, Mitsui Mining, JAPEX and CRIEPI) with a funding of government.
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Reservoir Creation and Fracture Characterization Reservoir Creation and Fracture Characterization
Shallow Reservoir Creation Injection Well: SKG-1 Injection Depth: 1790-1800m
6.0m3/min Max.W.H.P: 16MPa Total Inj. Vol.: 1080m3 *using 7” casing *calibration shooting at 1800m Deep Reservoir Creation Injection Well: HDR-1 Injection Depth: 2151-2205m
4.3m3/min Max.W.H.P: 22MPa Total Inj. Vol.: 2115m3 *using PBR *calibration shooting at 2200m
MS distribution shows east-west trending highly dipping structure
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HDR-1 HDR-２ HDR-３ Separator Silencer Water Supply Pit Turbine Pump
Preparation for the Long Term Circulation Test
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Experiment in the Snow Country Experiment in the Snow Country
PTS Logging Access to the Site Surface Facility Binary System
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Schedule of Long Term Circulation Test Schedule of Long Term Circulation Test
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Deep Reservoir Injection Dual Reservoir Injection Electric Generation W
PTS log Geochemical Sampling W eekly Tracer Test AE monitoring Continuous Environmental monitoring Monthly FY2001 FY2000 FY2002
The final stage of the Hijiori project is a long term circulation test of 2 years. The circulation test had three phases. The first phase is the deep reservoir injection with constant injection rate, the second phase is dual reservoir injection and the third phase is a power generation using the binary system. During the two year-test period, we continue microseismics monitor, geochemical sampling and environmental monitoring. In addition to these monitoring, we ran PTS logging once every six weeks and also did tracer tests in time with PTS logging.
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Injection and Production Rate during LTCT Injection and Production Rate during LTCT
5 10 15 20 25 2000/11/27 2001/1/26 2001/3/27 2001/5/26 2001/7/25 2001/9/23 2001/11/22
Elapsed Time, day F lo w R a te , k g /s
HDR-1 HDR-2a HDR-3
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
50 100 150 200 250 2000/11/27 2001/1/26 2001/3/27 2001/5/26 2001/7/25 2001/9/23 2001/11/22
Elapsed Time, day W e llh e a d T e m p e r a tu r e ,
HDR-1 HDR-2a HDR-3
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
P
HDR-2a HDR-3
Flash Point Flash Point
P
HDR-2a HDR-3
Flash Point Flash Point
: PTS logging and Tracer Test
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F2a- 7
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 11/ 12) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 11/ 12) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 07/ 14) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 07/ 14) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 05/ 30) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 05/ 30) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 02/ 22)← F2 a- 1 0 ← F2a - 9 F2a - 8 → F2a - 6
Tem per at ur e ( 00/ 12/ 20)F2a- 5→ F2 a- 4 → F2 a- 3 F2 a- 2 b F2 a- 2
Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 02/ 22) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 04/ 14) Tem per at ur e ( St at i c ) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 04/ 14)Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 09/ 22) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 09/ 23) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 08/ 25) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 08/ 25)Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
1500m (measured by PTS)
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500
Elapsed Time (days)
Temperature (degC 4 8 12 16 20 24
Pressure (MPa)
HDR- 3 Temp HDR- 2a Temp HDR- 2a Press HDR- 3 Press
1900m (measured by PTS)
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500 Elapsed Time (days) Temperature (degC 4 8 12 16 20 24 pressure (MPa HDR- 3 Temp HDR- 2a Temp HDR- 2 Press HDR- 3 Press
HDR-2a
Circulation and Heat Extraction
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2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
1500m (measured by PTS)
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500
Elapsed Time (days)
Temperature (degC 4 8 12 16 20 24
Pressure (MPa)
HDR- 3 Temp HDR- 2a Temp HDR- 2a Press HDR- 3 Press
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 02/ 23) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 02/ 23) Tem per at ur e ( 00/ 12/ 21)Dept h(m )
180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 11/ 13) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 11/ 13) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 09/ 24) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 09/ 24) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 08/ 26) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 08/ 26) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 07/ 15) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 07/ 15) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 05/ 31) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 05/ 31) Pr es s ur e ( 01/ 04/ 14) Tem per at ur e ( St at i c ) Tem per at ur e ( 01/ 04/ 14)Tem per at ur e( ℃ ) 5 10 15 20 25 30
← F3- 1 ← F3 - 2 ← F3- 3 , 4 ← F3- 5 ← F3 - 6 ← F3- 7 ← F3- 8 ← F3- 9
Pr es s ur e( M PaG)
1900m (measured by PTS)
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500 Elapsed Time (days) Temperature (degC 4 8 12 16 20 24 pressure (MPa HDR- 3 Temp HDR- 2a Temp HDR- 2 Press HDR- 3 Press
HDR-3
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Summary of Long Term Circulation Test Summary of Long Term Circulation Test Total Circulation Term 550 days (Deep Circulation) (333 days) (Dual Circulation) (125 days) (Power Generation) (92 days) Injection Rate 1.0 m3/min Total Injection Volume 793,288 m3 Total Recovery 47.3% Thermal Output 4 – 10MWt Electrical Output 50 kWe
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Fracture Characterization and Modeling
is an integrated technology that bridges
Key Technologies for HDR development Key Technologies for HDR development
Reservoir Creation
is in the second stage and quit a unique technology in HDR program, which requires various kind of engineering and mostly affect the success of the program.
Circulation and Heat Extraction
is the final stage which requires an optimal strategy to output energy and to maintain the reservoir for sustainable use.
Field Characterization
is in the first stage of a HDR program and has a significant impact to the total system.
Monitoring
measures physical properties to characterize and maintain the HDR system.
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Reservoir Creation and Fracture Characterization Reservoir Creation and Fracture Characterization
HDR system is strongly controlled by fractures. We commonly make efforts to develop a heat exchange system in deep seated rock by drilling and stimulation. During these operations, we can get various kind of information about fractures. The information includes
Oriented cores BHTV PTS log Openhole log
Neutron/Density Resistivity Sonic GR
Microseismics (AE)
a = α・ r 0.5 Fracture Network CORE Microseismics Aperture Distribution Size Distribution α Neutron / Density Minimum Size Averaged Porosity Matrix Permeability BHTV Orientation Distribution Maximum Size rmax Stochastic Fractures PTS Deterministic Fractures BHTV Spactial Distribution (Vermilye and Scholz, 1995)
Fracture Network Fracture Network Builder Builder – – D/SC D/SC -
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Modeling Flowchart Modeling Flowchart
Build a Fracture Network Model Field Data Stochastic Features Deterministic Features Convert the Fracture Network to Equivalent Pearmeable cells Flow Simulation Statistical Processing Change the randuom series Output ( Pressure, Flow, Temperature) INPUT BUILDER SOLVER OUTPUT
D/SC
Deterministic / Stochastic Crack network modeling
The next is a modeling stage. In the Hijiori project, we made a DFN modeli by integrating
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Define the deterministic fractures Define the deterministic fractures
2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
Dept h( m )
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Tem per at ur e( ℃ )
HDR-3 HDR-2a HDR-2a HDR-3 Deterministic Fracture crossing the wells
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Define the Stochastic fractures Define the Stochastic fractures
Fracture Orientation from BHTV (Pole Plot) Fracture Aperture from Core Samples (Fractal Rule)
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Hijiori Hijiori Fracture Network Model Fracture Network Model
Permeability distribution Flow flux distribution
We put several deterministic fractures along the borehole and permeable faults representing the caldera walls.
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Simulated Temperature Distribution Simulated Temperature Distribution
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Comparisons between Prediction and Observation Comparisons between Prediction and Observation (Temperature at 1900m depth) (Temperature at 1900m depth)
P
HDR-2a HDR-3
Flash Point Flash Point
P
HDR-2a HDR-3
Flash Point Flash Point
Temperature @ 1900m (Simulated by D/ SC)
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 80 Elapsed Time (days)
Temperature (degC
HDR-2a HDR-3
+2σ mean
+2σ mean
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Prediction of the next well (Recovery rate) Prediction of the next well (Recovery rate)
50 150
50 150
A B C D E F
HDR-3 HDR-2a
N
10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Recovery Rate N HDR- A 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Recovery Rate N HDR- B 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Recovery Rate N HDR- F 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Recovery Rate N HDR- C 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Recovery Rate N HDR- D 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Recovery Rate N HDR- E
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Random Seeds# N HDR- 2A 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Random Seeds# N HDR- 3Ave:3.1% Ave:9.9% Ave:18% Ave:8.2% Ave:5.6% Ave:25.8% Ave:36% Ave:3.0%
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Prediction of the next well (Temperature) Prediction of the next well (Temperature)
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) T HDR350 150
50 150
A B C D E F
HDR-3 HDR-2a
N
50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) HDR- A 50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) HDR- F 50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) HDR- C 50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) HDR- D 50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) HDR- E
50 100 150 200 250 300 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) T HDR2A50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 Time (days) Temperature (degC) HDR- B
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D/SC D/SC SHIFT SHIFT
S Simulator for imulator for H Hydraulic ydraulic I Injection and njection and F Fracture racture T Treatment reatment
Input of DFN (Discrete Fracture Network) model t = 0 Conversion of DFN to Continua with equivalent permeability End t = t +Δt Fluid Flow Analysis t < tend
Permeability Changed?
Model
Permeability Enhancement Analysis no yes no yes
Both the flow analysis and the enhancement analysis are coupled together at every time step in the calculation so as to reflect permeability enhancement instantaneously due to changing pore pressure.
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Complex Permeability Enhancement Mechanisms Complex Permeability Enhancement Mechanisms by elevated pore pressure by elevated pore pressure
（reversible process）
(irreversible process)
Pp τ Sn Sn τ
( )
p n
P S − ≥ µ τ
Pp τ Sn Sn τ
昇圧
increase
昇圧 減圧
Pp τ Sn Sn τ Pp τ Sn Sn τ
increase decrease
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Fracture Aperture as a Function of Fracture Aperture as a Function of Effective Normal Stress Effective Normal Stress
10 20 30 40 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
せ ん 断 滑 り前 せ ん 断 滑 り後
Effective Normal Stress[MPa] Fracture Aperture
Initial Aperture Aperture after shearing
Before shearing After shearing
Shearing
( )
p n
P S − ≥ µ τ
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Application to Oil/Gas Reservoir Application to Oil/Gas Reservoir
by drillings, the production in wells varies from highly productive to non-productive.
10km 1 5 k m
General Structure:
N-S trending horst complex
Depth Range:
4,000m – 5,000m
Reservoir Rocks:
Cretaceous granite, Eocene conglomerate
Reservoir Type:
Fractured reservoir
Hydraulic Fracturing
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AE sensors AE sensor HT-400 Injection Pump Measurement House
PS3
PT memory gauge QMS-2000
Monitor-B Monitor-C Injector Monitor-A
Massive Hydraulic Injection and MS monitoring in Massive Hydraulic Injection and MS monitoring in Oil/Gas Field Oil/Gas Field
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Simulation Simulation vs vs Observation Observation
Pressure Matching Observation
Plan view S-N section W-E section
Initial Simulation
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Conclusions Conclusions Hijiori Hijiori HDR project finished its long life (18years) HDR project finished its long life (18years) research activity with 550 research activity with 550-
day long term circulation test showing the feasibility of five key technologies. test showing the feasibility of five key technologies. Fracture characterization and modeling is one of the Fracture characterization and modeling is one of the most important technologies, which integrate all key most important technologies, which integrate all key technologies in all development stages. technologies in all development stages. The outcomes of this project will be utilized by The outcomes of this project will be utilized by successive projects and will become valuable data to successive projects and will become valuable data to initiate a new project. initiate a new project.
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Acknowledgment Acknowledgment
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