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Introduction to UML C++ Object Oriented Programming Pei-yih Ting NTOU CS 1 Contents Software modeling What is UML? What is UML for? UML history UML artifacts: Things, Relationships, and Diagrams Things Relationships

  1. Introduction to UML C++ Object Oriented Programming Pei-yih Ting NTOU CS 1

  2. Contents  Software modeling  What is UML? What is UML for?  UML history  UML artifacts: Things, Relationships, and Diagrams  Things  Relationships  Diagrams  A simple example  An elaborated example 2

  3. Introduction to Modeling  The models we choose have a profound influence on the solution we provide  Every model may be expressed at different levels of abstraction  The best models are connected to reality  No single model is sufficient, a set of models is needed to solve any nontrivial system 3

  4. Importance of Modeling  Why do we model?  A model is a simplification at some level of abstraction  We build models to better understand the systems we are developing  To help us visualize  To specify structure or behavior  To provide template for building system  To document decisions we have made 4

  5. Software Modeling  Traditionally two approaches to modeling a software system  Algorithmically – becomes hard to focus on as the requirements change  Object-oriented – models more closely real world entities 5

  6. UML is a visual modeling language  “A picture is worth a thousand words.” - old saying  United Modeling Language: “A language provides a vocabulary and the rules for combining words […] for the purpose of communication. A modeling language is a language whose vocabulary and rules focus on the conceptual and physical representation of a system. A modeling language such as the UML is thus a standard language for software blueprints.”  from ”UML user guide” 6

  7. Software Invisibility  Brooks in his famous article ‘No Silver Bullet-Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering’: “ invisibility is an inherent, not accidental, property of software ”  The multi-dimensional nature of software does not easily lend itself to a single 2D or 3D diagrammatic form and thereby deprives us one of our most powerful conceptual tools: Our visual and spatial perception. 7

  8. UML History  UML: Unified Modeling Language  Grady Booch: Booch notation 1994  language design, focus on structural aspects esp. inheritance  James Rumbaugh et al.: OMT 1991  background in database and Entity Relation modeling  Evar Jacobson: OOSE 1992  use cases / requirements  The Three Amigos joined in 1997  unified means ” joint effort instead of wars ” 8

  9. Usages of UML  UML is used in the course to  document designs  design patterns / frameworks  represent different views/aspects of design – visualize and construct designs  static / dynamic / deployment / modular aspects  provide a next-to-precise, common, language – specify visually  for the benefit of analysis, discussion, comprehension …  abstraction takes precedence over precision!  aim is overview and comprehension; not execution 9

  10. Building Blocks of UML  Things  Relationships  Diagrams 10

  11. Things  Structural things  classes, interfaces, collaborations, use cases, active classes, components, nodes.  Behavioral things  interactions, finite state machines.  Grouping things  packages.  Annotational things  notes. 11

  12. Relationships  Dependency  Association  Generalization  Realization 12

  13. Diagrams 1. Class diagram 2. Object diagram 3. Use case diagram 4. Sequence diagram 5. Collaboration diagram 6. Statechart diagram 7. Activity diagram 8. Component diagram 9. Deployment diagram 13

  14. Structural Things  Structural things are the nouns of UML models. These are the mostly static parts of a model, representing elements that are either conceptual or physical. 14

  15. Structural Things (cont ’ d)  Class A description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships, and semantics  Attribute  An attribute is a named property of a class that describes a range of values that instances of the property may hold.  Operation  An operation is the implementation of a service that can be requested from any object to affect behavior. 15

  16. Class Diagram Switch Resistor Light Battery 5V Structure of system (objects, attributes, associations, operations) 16

  17. Structural Things (cont ’ d)  Use case specifies the behavior of a system or a part of a system and is a description of a set of sequences of actions, including variants, that a system performs to yield an observable result of value to an actor  Actor An actor represents a coherent set of roles that users of use cases play when interacting with these use cases. 17

  18. Use Case Diagram SimpleCircuit FlipOn FlipOff ViewLight User Functionality from user’s point of view 18

  19. Structural Things (cont ’ d)  Interface a collection of operations that specify a service of a class or component  Collaboration A collaboration defines an interaction and is a society of roles and other elements that work together to provide some cooperative behavior that's bigger than the sum of all the elements. 19

  20. Structural Things (cont ’ d)  Active class An active class is a class whose objects own one or more processes or threads and therefore can initiate control activity.  Component A component is a physical and replaceable part of a system that conforms to and provides the realization of a set of interfaces.  Node A node is a physical element that exists at run time and represents a computational resource. 20

  21. Behavioral Things Behavioral things are the dynamic parts of UML models. These are the verbs of a model, representing behavior over time and space.  Interaction An interaction is a behavior that comprises a set of messages exchanged among a set of objects within a particular context to accomplish a specific purpose.  State machine A state machine is a behavior that specifies the sequences of states an object or an interaction goes through during its lifetime in response to events, together with its response to those events. 21

  22. Interaction Diagram: Sequence Diagram User Switch Resistor Battery Light FlipOn() HeatUp() Drain() Shine() Messages between objects 22

  23. Statechart Diagram (different objects) flipSwitchOn flipSwitchOn Not Cold Hot Draining Draining flipSwitchOff flipSwitchOff (Resistor) (Battery) 23

  24. Grouping and Annotational Things Grouping things are the organizational parts of UML models.  Package A package is a general purpose mechanism for organizing elements into groups. Annotational things are the explanatory parts of UML models.  Note A note is simply a symbol for rendering constraints and comments attached to an element or a collection of elements. 24

  25. Component Diagram Register.exe Billing.exe Billing System People.dll User Course.dll Course Professor Student Course Course Offering class packaging and dependencies 25

  26. Relationships  Dependency A dependency is a using relationship that states that a change in specification of one thing may affect another thing that uses it, but not necessarily the reverse. (Usually a class depends on some interfaces or abstract classes instead of another class.)  Association An association is a structural relationship that specifies that objects of one thing are connected to objects of another. 26

  27. Relationships (cont ’ d)  Aggregation An aggregation is a special form of association that specifies a whole - part relationship between the aggregate (the whole) and a component (the part).  Generalization A generalization is a relationship between a general thing and a more specific kind of that thing. Sometimes it is called an “is-a-kind-of” relationship.  Realization A realization is a semantic relationship between classifiers, wherein, one classifier specifies a contract (interface) that another classifier promises to carry out. 27

  28. Diagrams  Class diagram A class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, and collaborations and their relationships.  Object diagram An object diagram shows a set of objects and their relationships.  Use case diagram A use case diagram shows a set of use cases and actors and their relationships. A Use case is a literary form of describing user goals, as a set of scenarios. A scenario is a sequence of steps describing interaction between a user and a system. 28

  29. Diagrams (cont ’ d)  Sequence diagram A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the time - ordering of messages.  Collaboration diagram A collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the structural organization of the objects that send and receive messages.  Statechart diagram A statechart diagram shows a state machine, consisting of states, transitions, events, and activities. 29

  30. Diagrams (cont ’ d)  Activity diagram An activity diagram is a special kind of a statechart diagram that shows the flow from activity to activity within a system.  Component diagram A component diagram shows the organization and dependencies among a set of components.  Deployment diagram A deployment diagram shows the configuration of runtime processing nodes and the components that live on them. 30

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