Introduction Quick overview of Wireless technologies 16: Focus - - PDF document

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Introduction Quick overview of Wireless technologies 16: Focus - - PDF document

Introduction Quick overview of Wireless technologies 16: Focus on mobile phones Wireless issues: Networks 2: Wireless world Security Interference Computer literacy 1 Applications of Wireless technology CL1 2007/08


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SLIDE 1

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CL1 2007/08

16: Networks 2: Wireless world

Computer literacy 1

CL1 2007/08

Introduction

  • Quick overview of Wireless technologies
  • Focus on mobile phones
  • Wireless issues:

– Security – Interference

  • Applications of Wireless technology

CL1 2007/08

LAN Mesh Networks

  • Each device

– Sender, Receiver, Repeater, Router

  • Connection topology

– All-to-all – Partial: all nodes connected to a number of others

  • Issues

– Reliable: remember ARPANET – Lots of wiring: expensive to set up and to reorganise – Star or bus topologies can be cheaper to set up – Wireless Mesh networks (see later)

CL1 2007/08

Web server / network DIY

  • Run server software, e.g. Apache
  • Open up to the outside world

– Drill hole in firewall for port 80 – If local network is NAT addressed then route – port 80 traffic to server

  • Fixed address (no DHCP)
  • What is NAT addressing?

– Local non-unique network addresses

CL1 2007/08

Wireless Mesh Network

  • Advantages of no wire

– More flexible organisation – No intrusive wiring: good for home use – Cost of changing network organisation cheaper

  • Disadvantages

– Interference: other users – Interference: the environment (weather, walls etc)

  • Though this works both ways

– Security: restricting use to network members – Security: protecting transmitted data

CL1 2007/08

Wireless technologies

  • Infra-red (e.g. remote controls)

– 1-4 MBps – Low power use – Must be in line of sight

  • Radio

– 2 MBps – Long distance

  • Microwave radio (e.g. long distance telephone

calls)

– 45 MBps – Must be in line of sight: ~30 miles

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SLIDE 2

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Wireless technologies

  • Bluetooth

– 1 MBps – Range: up to 30 feet – Communication frequency: 2.45 GHz

  • WiFi

– 5-10 MBps – Range: up to 100 m – Communication frequency: 2.45 GHz

  • GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

– Packet-switching telecommunications technology – Used by mobile phones

CL1 2007/08

Mobile Phone Generations (Gs)

  • 1G: Cellular phones

– Analogue – Coverage: hexagonal cells <8 miles across – Handsets looked like bricks

  • 2G

– Digital – Up to 14.4 KBps: clearer voice than 1G – Uses a circuit-switching network (not packet- switched), hence pay for call duration

CL1 2007/08

3G mobiles

  • Packet-switched
  • Designed to carry non-voice data too (email,

instant messaging, file downloads)

  • Licenses sold for big prices in 90’s bubble

economy

  • Lack of fast profit has delayed appearance, but

investment guaranteed that product and services appeared eventually

  • May be overtaken by WiFi
  • Bandwidth: 2MBps indoors, 384KBps stationary
  • utside

CL1 2007/08

2.5G mobiles

  • Stand-in technology for 3G
  • Uses packet-switching technology

– E.g. GPRS – Bandwidth: < 170 KBps – Packet-switching: fixed price of a text message

CL1 2007/08

Limitations

  • Screen size
  • Tedious to type in URLs
  • Tricky to set up
  • Data is costly

CL1 2007/08

WAP

  • Wireless Application Protocol
  • Intended to allow Internet access to

wireless devices, mainly mobile phones

– WAP is a markup language like HTML – Used for mobile phone Web browsers, suited to small displays – Not very popular here – Big in Japan – Being overtaken by full HTML?

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

  • Uses satellites to locate user’s location

with accuracy of ~10m

  • Run by U.S. Department of Defence
  • Free public use. Used for

– Science, recreation, vehicle navigation – Emergency rescue: mobile phone GPS?

  • NOT to be confused with GPRS
  • NMEA standard for exporting data

CL1 2007/08

P2P Mobile Phone Network

  • Each mobile is a peer in a P2P net

– Sender, receiver, router, receiver

  • Requires high density of peer nodes in an area

to ensure transmission

  • Issues for users and service providers

– Communication is free – Bandwidth increases with increasing number of members – Requires efficient routing

  • Will it happen?

CL1 2007/08

P2P: 3G Phones & Bluetooth

  • 3G P2P file sharing

– Music, ringtone, video file sharing – Friendster: information swapping between “friends” www.friendster.com/

  • Jabberwocky on Bluetooth

– Counts the number of time you pass people with Bluetooth devices – Lets you get in touch with the people you pass daily www.urban-atmospheres.net/Jabberwocky/info.htm

CL1 2007/08

Smart phones

  • Mobile phone + PDA (Personal Digital

assistant)

  • Can run applications

– Opera (scales Web Pages), Office, TV…

  • Use an OS (operating system)

– Symbian (Nokia), Windows CE, Linux

  • Viruses have already targeted mobiles

– Send spam text messages from Web sites

CL1 2007/08

Mobile phones

  • Phone use will be least significant feature?
  • Battery life is an important factor
  • Current large screens use up energy
  • Do we want video, online banking etc on
  • ur mobiles?

CL1 2007/08

Wireless Security

  • WiFi network cards can be plugged into a USB port
  • Hotspot: connection point of WiFi network

– UK leading Europe here

  • Hotspots can be open or secure
  • Secure connection:

– Uses WEP key (Wired Equivalent Privacy) – Enter WEP key to access network

  • Secure?

– 2003 used symmetric key encryption – Fast but vulnerable to attack, as key must be communicated for each connection

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Wireless Interference

  • Bluetooth and WiFi use the same frequency

range (2.4 GHz)

  • Potential problem of interference, between users

and also Bluetooth + WiFi

  • Solution 1: low power

– Range of Bluetooth only 10 m

  • Solution 2: Frequency hopping

– Bluetooth uses 80 frequency bands around 2.4 GHz – Signals ‘hop’ between bands – Chance of two signals being on the same band is low, but interference can still be a problem [Invented by movie star Hedy Lemarr in WWII (really!)]

CL1 2007/08

Applications of Bluetooth

  • Wireless PC

– Mouse, scanner, keyboards, peripherals, don’t need wires – TV, HiFi, cooker, washing machine can be easily added as technology arises – Great for mobile computing

  • Automotive LAN

– Mobile phone can be anywhere in the car – Still use a hands free set

[N.b. Bluetooth was a Danish king who united Scandinavian countries, but was killed by his son Svend Forkbeard. The name was taken to stress the ‘unifying’ qualities of the technology, but its not a very relevant name]

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Wireless example: Postal service

  • Infra-red

– Unlock/lock drop boxes storing packages – Lower power use than Bluetooth

  • Bluetooth

– PDA to scan packages and enter data

  • WiFi

– Communication between hand-held PDA and van

  • GPRS

– Transmits package information from vans

CL1 2007/08

Wireless example: Postal service

  • Satellite

– GPS keeps track of packages

  • RFID tags

– Packages communicate to PDAs

  • GPRS

– Mobile phone conversations between postal workers e.g. sales personnel

  • Business requires

– Speed, mobility, flexible connection – Are wireless connections secure enough? See article at www.cio.com/archive/060104/ups.html

CL1 2007/08

Wireless LAN: Hospital

  • Users of information have to be mobile and contactable
  • WLANs allows information to move with the people

– WiFi laptops in wards, PDAs – Bring medical records to the bedside

  • Problems?

– Data entry – Battery life – Security – Network access: what happens when the network is down? – Delay – message time isn’t guaranteed (RNLI use pagers)

CL1 2007/08

Conclusion

  • Understand the differences and strengths
  • f wireless technologies

– Infra-red, radio, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPRS, etc – Range, power use, bandwidth, security, availability

  • Be able to describe how different wireless

technologies can be appropriately used