Influence on winter-hardness Soil Winter- hardness Fungi- - - PDF document

• Thomas Fischer - International Technical Support

As you walk down the fairway of life you must smell the roses, for you only get to play one round.

Ben Hogan

Cost-effective winter-preparation

• f turf-grasses on golf-courses

Light House Golf Resort 18.09.2009

Vita - Thomas Fischer

• 48 years old, married, two daughters of 15 and 18
• Horticultural and commercial education, since 1994

working for Scotts

• Golf-Operation-Manager IST/GMVD since 2003
• Consultant for golf-courses, sport-fields and landscaping
• e. q. in D/PL/A/CH/EST/MA and technical support in

Germany and foreign countries

• Teacher at the greenkeeper-education in Kempen
• Secretary of the GVD district East
• Publications in Greenkeepers Journal, campos,

Meyer GaLaBau diary et al.

• Arrangements of turf-seminars with leading turf-specialists like Dr.

Beard, Dr. Bernd Leinauer et al.

• Own Web-Site www.golf-infos.de (Turf Internet-Address-Book)

Liebig’s law of the minimum

Growth is not controlled by the total of resources available, but by the limiting factor. Light Oxygen in soil Soil Micro-nutrients Macro-nutrients Water Temperature

• Influence on winter-hardness

Winter- hardness

• f turf-

grasses

Soil

Fertili- zation Mainte

• nance

Fungi- cides

Is winter-hardness possible?

• Physical properties
• Granule-size
• USGA-spec
• Compaction
• Chemical properties
• Nutrients - absolute
• Nutrients - balance
• NPK-ratio
• Bad figures results in weak turf!!
• Weak turf has no winter-hardness!!

Black Layer

Physical properties

• During construction
• Left side
• Low precipitation
• Right side
• Higher precipitation
• Important to know!
• Weather-forecast!

Green 13

• Weather-forecast - and history Varna-BG

Thomas Fischer - International Technical Support

Chemical properties Sampling Soil - Tissue - Water The Integrated Analyzing Concept

Normal Maintenance No N-P-K-Mg-ratio 1 - 0.2 - 1(max. 1.4) - 0.1 Adapt fert-plan Main nutrients N-P-K-Mg Liquid nutrition Liquid / WSF Trace elements Acidifying Ferts RZM Water Topdress/Sand Check reason High > 7,2 Liming Low > 5,5 pH Yes Problems? Soil-sample Harris Water-sample Harris Topdress-sample www.etl-ltd.com Tissue-sample Local lab Diseases Kate Entwistle

Base of all planning

• Why tissue-analysis?
• Support on daily work
• Diagnosis (actual situation)
• Deficiency or excess
• E. q.:

Potassium in excess is luxury-consumption (use of SR-potassium!) Mg-uptake is reduced

• Control of nutrient-supply during play (tournament-situation)
• Preparation for winter-hardness
• Monitoring (regular sampling)
• Control of nutrition-status and fertilization especially in autumn-time
• Control of nutrient-supply during play (tournament-situation)
• Problems with nutrient-uptake
• pH-value in soil
• Sub-function of rooting-system
• Decision-guidance for use of liquid fertilization

Tissue-analyse

• Worldwide aligned analysis-

guidelines

• Check for reference-values!
• Difference between grass-species
• Take soil-samples into

consideration

Anlage Fläche Datum GRN 18 Wasser

• n. a. %

Trockensubstanz 18,3 %

• Organ. Substanz

n.a. % i. T. für Agrostis Minimum Maximum Gesamt-Stickstoff 5,5 % i. T. 3,2 4,5 Phosphor 0,8 % i. T. 0,3 0,5 Kalium 2,8 % i. T. 2,5 3,5 Magnesium 0,3 % i. T. 0,4 0,7 Calcium 0,50 % i. T. 1,00 1,50 Natrium 0,02 % i. T. 0,01 0,16 Schwefel 0,84 % i. T. 0,26 0,40 Bor n.a. mg/kg T 11 20 Kupfer 18 mg/kg T 15 20 Eisen 575 mg/kg T 125 175 Mangan 115 mg/kg T 60 90 Molybdän n.a. mg/kg T 2 4 Zink 69 mg/kg T 80 120 Rückfragen bitte an: Thomas Fischer Am Stadtbad 24 29451 Dannenberg Tel.: 05861/4790 Fax: 05861/6741

• Mobil. Tel.: 0171/4616247
• 11. August 2006

Scotts-Analyse-Konzept Blatt-Analyse Ges.-Stickstoff

Important information from soil-sampling

• Complete package
• Harris et al.
• P, K, Mg
• Ca, S
• B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn
• pH, CEC, saturation
• Organic matter

Graphics Averages

• Historical data-collection
• Overview over three years
• Intensive mechanical work
• Change of sand-material
• Reduced fertilizer-budget

GRN12

Phosphat

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 04.04 07.04 10.04 01.05 04.05 07.05 10.05 01.06 04.06 Phosphat Optimum

Kalium

20 40 60 80 100 120 04.04 04.05 04.06 Kalium Optimum

Magnesium 20 40 60 80 100 04.04 04.05 04.06 Magnesium Optimum Calcium 200 400 600 800 1000 04.04 08.04 12.04 04.05 08.05 12.05 04.06 Calcium Optimum pH-Wert 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 04.04 07.04 10.04 01.05 04.05 07.05 10.05 01.06 04.06 pH Optimum Eisen 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 04.04 04.05 04.06 Eisen Optimum Natrium (Max.) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 04.04 04.05 04.06 Natrium Optimum KAK 1 2 3 4 5 04.04 07.04 10.04 01.05 04.05 07.05 10.05 01.06 04.06 KAK Optimum

Interpretation

• Product-independent
• Deviation of optimums
• Nutrient-ratios
• Comparison with historical

datas

• Highlighting of solutions
• On demand: comments on

analytical methods

Why testing irrigation water?

• Water-requirement
• ET (evapotranspiration-rate)

2.5 - 5.5 mm/day

• Rainfall in Varna-region approx. 510 l
• e. Q. Sofia 627 l, Hamburg 832 l/m²/a
• Demand more than 1.000 l/m²/year
• 50 water-buckets for one m²!!
• With bad water-quality you need long-range investment for:
• Re-construction
• Water-treatment
• Optimization of nutrient-supply
• E. q. Mn-supply is reduce with hard water
• Documentation towards authorities

• The grass you have!

Source: www.usga.org/turf/green_section_record/ 2006/nov_dec

Important details of a water-test-report

Graphs

Datum

• 16. August 2006

• k

mögl. Probleme Probleme zu erwarten pH-Wert 6,9 xxxxxxx Härte ppm 256,8 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Bicarbonat ppm 176,0 xxxxxxxxxxx Carbonat ppm 0,0 x Grad Dt. Härte 14,4 Härte-Klassifizierung sehr hart EC-Wert mmhos/cm 0,48 xxxxxx Lösliche Salze ppm 307 xxxxxx Natrium meq/l 0,60 xx Chlorid ppm 21,2 xx Bor ppm 0,30 xxxxxx Natrium ppm 14,00 Chlorid ppm 21,2 SAR adj meq/l 0,77 x SAR meq/l 0,38 optimal RSC meq/l

• 2,15

EC-Wert mmhos/cm 0,48 xxxxxxxxxx Lösliche Salze ppm 307 xxxxxxxxxx Infiltration in den Boden SAR und EC-Wert möglicherw. beeinträchtigt g/l pro 100 l H2O Bereg./qm/ Jahr in g/qm Beurtei-lung Kationen (in meq/l) Stickstoff 0,000002 0,0 niedrig K

0,10 Phosphat (P2O5) 0,002688 0,3 sehr hoch Na

0,60 Kalium (K2O) 0,004767 0,5 niedrig Ca

4,55 Magnesium (MgO) 0,008276 0,8 niedrig Mg++ 0,42 Calcium (Ca) 0,091043 9,1 sehr hoch Anionen (in meq/l) Schwefel (S) 0,019200 1,9 normal Cl- 0,61 Bor (B) 0,000300 0,0 normal SO4

• 1,22

Eisen (Fe) 0,004502 0,5 normal HCO3

• 2,82

Mangan (Mn) 0,000500 0,1 hoch CO3

• 0,00

Natrium (Na) 0,014007 1,4 normal Salz in g/l 0,31 30,7 normal Ges.-Kationen (in meq/l) 5,67 Ges.-Anionen (in meq/l) 4,65 Faktor 1,2 Einschränkungen f. d. Wassernutzung keine SAR 0,38 keine SAR adj 0,77 Rückfragen bitte an: keine RSC 0,56 Thomas Fischer keine EC-Wert 0,48 Am Stadtbad 24 29451 Dannenberg 7,42 Tel.: 05861/4790 Sättingungs-Index

• 0,52

Fax: 05861/6741 Mobil-Tel.: 0171/4616247 11 :1 eMail: Fischer.Tho@t-online.de 44 :1 Homepage: www.golf-infos.de 4 :1 Wasser- Charakteristik Einfluss auf die Bodenstruktur Einfluss auf das Blatt Scotts-Analyse-Konzept Wasser-Analyse Ergebnisse Bewertung Einfluss auf die Wurzeln Einfluss auf das Pflanzenwachstum

• ptimal

Kalkfaktoren Kalkausfällung im Boden möglich keine Einschränkung keine Einschränkung Analyse der Nährstoffe Kalklösung wahrscheinlich pHc (kalkulierter pH-Wert)

• ptimal

Mg : K (2 : 1 - 10 : 1) Nährstoffverhältnisse und mögl. Mangelerscheinungen Mg-Mangel möglich Ca : Mg (3 :1 - 8 :1) K-Mangel möglich Ca : K (10 :1 - 30 :1)

Nutrients per l irrig.-water

Side-note …

• The pH-level from water has only limited influence on the

pH-level from soil!

• pH-level-average from 63 samples (pH from 6,6 - 8,8)
• Relation from pH-level and Bi-carbonates
• Sample 1: pH-level

7,8 Bi-carbonates 222 ppm

• Sample 2: pH-level

7,9 Bi-carbonates 56 ppm

• A detailed interpretation and discussion on-site is necessary!

• Water in the soil

Wet Soil Humid Soil Dry Soil Extremely Dry Soil

Growth- disturbance Growth-

• ptimum

No growth No growth Die-back of plants Water-logging Wilting Temporary survival from plant-material Oxygen-absence in root-zone Retention of live-functions Permanent wilting Less root-mass Winter-kill Recovery in humid air No recovery after irrigation Recovery after irrigation Available water in soil Dead water (unavailable) Suction-power to low Field-capacity Wilting-point Permanent w-p Ultimate w-p pF 2,2 3,8 4,2 4,5

Analysis-concept for a golf-course

• Soil-samples
• 1 x year e. q. 4 greens (two equal per year - two new)
• With problems possibly all greens; possibly several times a year
• Water-analysis
• Every 2 - 3 years
• Under use of recycling-water or with problematic water-sources several times per

year

• Tissue-analysis
• For control 1 - 2 x/year
• For nutrition-management every 2 - 6 weeks
• Soil-physical sampling
• RZM-analysis for sand-selection 1 x/year
• Advanced analysis on demand
• Disease-analysis on demand

Influence on winter-hardness

Winter- hardness

• f turf-

grasses

Soil

Fertili- zation Mainte

• nance

Fungi- cides

• Thomas Fischer - International Technical Support

Nutrients to prepare winter-hardness Greens: Agrostis stolonifera (Bent)

• Nitrogen (N) - Motor of Growth
• SRF (Slow release fertilizer)
• 2 g - 4 g/m²/growing-month
• WSF (Water soluble fertilizer)
• 0,5 - 1 g/m²/14 days
• Phosphorous (P2O5) - Motor of Rooting
• Based on chemical soil-test best
• Potassium (K2O) - Motor of Heat-, Cold- and Stress-Tolerance
• Potassium-demand in N : K-ratio: 1 : 0,8 - 1,4

depending on soil-test

• You need 1 g pure K to higher the soil-test result with 1 ppm
• pH 5.5 - 6.0

Potassium - Important for heat-, wear-, cold- and stress-tolerance

• Soil forms of Potassium
• !

"

• Potassium Cycle
• Exchangeable K (0.9-1.8%)
• K is on CEC sites on clay SURFACES
• Higher K levels for soils with higher CEC
• Soil Solution K (0.1-0.2%)
• Affected by fertilizer inputs,

PLUS soil K base levels, soil type and environmental conditions

• Easily taken up by plants (needs to be replaced by Exchangeable K)
• Can contribute to salinity stress
• Leaching with heavy rain
• Fertilizer
• Quantity and type can be managed and has efficiency on plant uptake
• Timing is important

Improved wear tolerance – K input

• 90

180 270 360

Wear tolerance at 0 kg K/100m2 = 100 Turf: Creeping Bentgrass Green: 180 kg N/ha applied

Relative wear tolerance K applied (Kg /Ha)

• Potassium Fertilization
• Over-application
• Inefficient K use
• Loss out of soil system (leaching, run-off)
• Luxury consumption (beyond plant needs)
• N, Ca and Mg deficiencies or restricted uptake
• Potential fertilizer burn
• Increase in salt levels

The solution - Slow Release K

• Continuous supply of K (over ~8 week period) results in
• Improved uptake of N, Ca and Mg
• Increased turf-hardness and stress-tolerance against
• Drought-, salinity-, disease-stress
• Low and high temperatures
• Wear
• Turf colour stays longer

Scotts Slow Release K – Release Pattern

• Minimise K losses

Slow Release Potassium (K)

• Slow Release Potassium/SRK-Technology
• K is contained in a slowly degradable synthetic matrix (developed by Scotts)
• K slowly releases in field conditions under influence of water
• Content in granules - no blend - no coating
• Release Mechanism influenced by water
• The release is triggered by water, normal soil moisture levels are sufficient
• Once the SR-K is activated (by moisture), it will continue to release potassium over

time

• Even in heavy rain or with excessive watering potassium is not leached out
• This is an advantage over normal K that will leach very quickly
• Longevity
• 2+ months longevity

#!$ %&'(

• K-Fertilization
• Avoid high quick releasing K-applications
• Salt-problems (de-hydration)
• Luxury-consumption
• Recommended K-rates
• Granules
• ca. 2 g - 4 g Pure-K/m²
• Liquid
• ca. 0,5 g - 1,5 g Pure-K/m²

Verhältnis N N K2O N K2O bis 17 1 : 1,75 17 29,75 17 35 1 : 1 30 30 35

• u. mehr

1 : 0,75 40 30 Beispiel Rates in g/m² < > Ratio N : K2O Example

Thomas Fischer - International Technical Support

Effective nutrition- Combination of Granules and Liquids N-Fractions in granules

Nitrogen release

ammonium urea MU short chains MU intermediate MU long chains TOTAL Ammonium Urea MU - short chains MU - middle chains MU - long chains Total

Time

• Nutrient Uptake Options for Liquids

Applied water volume will effect which uptake route is dominant

Low water-volumes

• uptake by foliage

High water-volumes

• uptake from roots

30 % 10 % 70 % Water-amount in l/ha 90 %

Iron

• a nutrient for winter-hardness
• Iron
• Availability of Iron
• > pH 7,0 - very limited
• pH 6,0

1.000 ppm available

• pH 6,5

350 ppm available

• pH 7,0

35 ppm available

• pH 7,5

5 ppm available

• Experience from practice
• Iron reduces especially in autumn the disease-pressure
• Main reason is reducing the pH-level on tissue-area

• Iron-sources for turf-fertilization

Product Iron-content (in %)

• Chem. Formulation

Remarks Iron-oxide 69 Fe2O3 Not availalbe for plants Iron-sulfate 23 Fe2(SO4)3 4H2O Only effective for foliar-application; not available on alkaline soils Iron-oxide 77 FeO Not availalbe for plants Iron-sulfate 19 FeSO4 7H2O Only effective for leave-application; not available on alkaline soils Iron-ammonium-sulfate 14 (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4 6H2O Very effective for foliar-application; fast green-up Iron-oxysulfate 45-50 Fe2O3 FeSO4 High fraction not available for plants; limited longevity on thatch 5-14 FeEDTA 5-9 FeHEDTA 6 FeEDDHA 10 FeDTPA Iron-sucrate 50

• Org. Bestandteile

4-5 % from Iron very fast soluble; limited longevity Iron-humate

• Ca. 20
• Org. Bestandteile

Slowly available iron linked to an organic complex; limited activity on neutral or alkaline soils Iron-lignin-sulfate 5-7

• Org. Bestandteile

Iron-chelate More ffective than anorganic Iron-compositions; EDTA more effective on neutral or acidic soil; all chelates very effective for foliar-application; low application-rates with high effectivity

Scotts Iron-fertilizer

• Greenmaster Autumn 6+5+10 (+6%Fe) - Zeolite
• Reversible binding of Cations
• Nutrient-deficiency and –excess can be balanced

pH-variations will be buffered

• Adapted water-storage-capacity
• Minimizes leaching-loss
• Improves longevity
• Granule-size: only 0,7 - 1,7 mm

Greenmaster Liquid EfFect

• For use throughout growing season
• Very quick - green-up within 3 hours
• Longevity up to 6 weeks
• Treat iron chlorosis
• No blackening from wheels or footmarks
• Can be used on acidic soils without further

reducing pH

• Can be used when black layer is present
• Hardens turf without excess growth
• Independent trials have shown that with an

integrated approach with Sierraform GT and H2Pro disease levels are suppressed

• Influence on winter-hardness

Winter- hardness

• f turf-

grasses

Soil

Fertili- zation Mainte

• nance

Fungi- cides

Winter-preparation - Sunlight

Go Back to Basics - Basic turf-grass management costs less

“No matter who you are, where your golf course is located and what type of grass you are growing. Without enough sunlight your turf will not be healthy.”

Reference: USGA Green Section July-August 2009; page 28 Stanley J. Zontek

• Huge amounts of money can be

spent and all sorts of different products, programs and techniques can be tried, but there is no substitute for sunlight.

• If sunlight is limited,

you have a problem.

• Solution
• Tree removal
• Limb pruning
• Underbrush clearing
• Also improve air circulation, which is

good for the grass as well.

Mechanical work

• Good
• All mechanical work
• Verticutting
• Spiking
• Aeration
• But ....
• In the right period
• Keeping a well draining

root-zone is a basic tool for improvement of winter- hardness!

Putting Green 27.02.2009

• Influence on winter-hardness

Winter- hardness

• f turf-

grasses

Soil

Fertili- zation Mainte

• nance

Fungi- cides

Fungicide-programs

Recommendations must be adapted to local permissions

Spore- germination Penetration Mycelium- growth Cracking of fruiting-bodies Spore- forming Preventive Curative - Tissue alive Eradicative - Tissue dead

Preventive and Curative

Preventive

• Application made prior to plant-

infection

• Disease-symptoms will be

reduced enhanced turf-quality

• Working-principles
• Active barrier between plant and

pathogen

• E. q. Daconil
• Inhibition of spore-germination
• E. q. Heritage

Curative

• Application made after pathogen

infected the plant

• Presence of different diseases

symptoms shows the stage of infection

• Requires higher application-rates

and often shorter intervals to control the disease

• Risk of resistance
• Effective in periods without

growth

• Contact-fungicides like Iprodione