Indigenous Peoples Self -Driven Development By A. Cordone, Senior - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Indigenous Peoples’ Self-Driven Development

By A. Cordone, Senior Technical Specialist Indigenous Peoples and Tribal Issues University Roma Tre Rome, 17 March 2017

Outline Lecture

• Who are Indigenous Peoples?
• International Legal Framework and UN Mechanisms
• IFAD’s Engagement with Indigenous Peoples
• Partnerships / Indigenous Terra Madre
• VIDEO
• www.ifad.org /topics / indigenous peoples

Indigenous Peoples: Who are they?

• No universally accepted definition
• Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous peoples of the United Nations no definition

• ILO convention 107 and 169 and Cobo

report, most widely accepted criteria

Indigenous Peoples: Who are they?

Criteria used:

• Strong attachment to

geographical locations and ancestral territorial origins

• Remain culturally,

geographically and institutionally distinct from the dominant society

• Preserve their own socio-

cultural, economic and political way of life

• They self-identify as

indigenous peoples

Indigenous Peoples’ Characteristics

• Important fraction of world’s population (over 370 million)
• Reliance upon subsistence-based production:
• Pastoral
• Horticultural
• Hunting-Gathering techniques
• Fishing
• IPs are creators, providers and conservers of biological and

cultural diversity

• represent 75% of the world’s cultures (4000 languages)
• 80% of the world biodiversity
• Predominantly non-urbanized society
• Many belong to the rural poor
• 5% of the world population
• but 15% of poor people

Indigenous Peoples’ Characteristics

• Living within

isolated/marginalized areas:

• Forest
• Mountains
• Dry lands, etc
• Distinct languages and
• ther cultural features
• Often marginalized within

the larger society. Suffer from discrimination

International Legal Framework

• ILO Convention 107 on indigenous and tribal people (1957)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
• International Covenant on Eco. Social and Cul. Righs (1966)
• International Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Racial

Discrimination (1965)

• Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and

Natural Heritage (1972)

• Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination

against Women (1979)

• Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or

degrading treatment and punishment (1984)

• ILO Convention on the Rights of Child (1989)
• ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal

Peoples in Inde-pendent Countries (1989)

International Legal Framework

• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all

Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990)

• UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National
• r Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992)
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992)
• UN Convention to Combat Desertification ((1994)
• ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

(1998)

• UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001)
• FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources (2001)
• UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible

Cultural Heritage (2003)

• UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the

Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)

• UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

• In 2007 in the UN General Assembly 144 countries approved the

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA against). Now all have endorsed the declaration.

• It represents the minimum standards that should be observed

internationally in relation to indigenous peoples

• Emphasizes their right :
• To maintain traditional institutions, cultures and customs
• To pursue their development in keeping with their own needs

and aspirations

• Collective rights over land, territories and n resources
• It sends out a clear message to the international community,

reaffirming the human rights of the world’s Indigenous Peoples

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

46 Operational Articles can be clustered in 9 parts: Part I:General Principles: (Arts. 1-6) collective rights, non-discrimination and equality, right to self-determination, full participation in life of state,

• Art.3: Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that

right they Freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Part II: Life, Integrity, Security (Arts.7-10) Part III: Spiritual, linguistic, cultural, education rights (Arts. 11-16) Part IV: labour rights, right to development (Art. 23) subsistence and health, rights of women, children, disabled (Arts.17-24) Part V: rights to lands, territories and resources (Arts.25-30) Part VI: Intellectual property rights, free, prior and informed consent, treaty rights (Arts.31-37) Part VII: Implementation of Declaration, role of Permanent Forum and UN System, States (Arts.38-43) Part VIII: Miscellaneous Provisions, affirmation of territorial integrity (Arts.44-46) Part IX: Free, prior and informed consent (Arts.10,11,28,29,32)

Principles of IP’s Identity

• Right to Development

“The right to decide the kind of development that takes place on their lands and territories, in accordance with their own priorities and conceptions of well-being”

• Free, Prior and Informed Consent

“Consent must be freely given,

• btained

prior to implementation of activities and be founded upon an understanding

• f the full range of issues implicated by the activity or decision in

question.”

IPs’ Self-Determined Development

UN Mechanisms to Promote Indigenous Peoples’ Rights

The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2000) is an advisory body to the UN Economic and Social Council with a mandate to discuss indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights. Mandate:

• Provide expert advice and recommendations on indigenous issues,

raise awareness and promote the integration and coordination of activities related to indigenous issues within the UN system

• Prepare and disseminate information on indigenous issues

Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2001) under the Human Rights Council

• Reports on Human Rights situation of IPs in different countries; specific cases of violation;

thematic studies

Expert Mechanism (2007) on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

• Provide Human Rights Council with thematic advice in the form of studies and research

IFAD’s Engagement with Indigenous Peoples

2016: “IFAD supports indigenous peoples self- driven development, while respecting and enhancing their traditional livelihoods,

• ccupations and knowledge. IFAD’s

interventions and indigenous peoples’ targeting will be improved, including through more in- depth socio-cultural and vulnerability analyses

• f different target groups and by integrating

specific indicators on their well-being to capture impacts and results.” (Strategic Framework 2016-2025)

DESK ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND TRIBAL ISSUES

IFAD’s engagement with Indigenous Peoples Last Decade

2o06: “IFAD has come to recognize that Indigenous Peoples are one of its main target groups and in this regard this year in May we

• rganized a Policy Forum on

indigenous issues to discuss in- house how best to mainstream their concerns and perspectives in our future work….” (Mr Båge, IFAD President)

IFAD Policy on Engagement with Indigenous Peoples (2009)

IFAD Policy on Engagement with IPs (2009)

GOAL:

To enhance IFAD’s development effectiveness in its engagement with indigenous peoples’ communities in rural areas, and especially to empower them to

• vercome poverty by

building upon their identity and culture

9 principles of engagement

• Acknowledging Cultural heritage and

identity as assets

• Applying Free Prior and Informed Consent
• Enhancing Community-driven development approaches
• Promoting equitable access to land, territories and

resources

• Valuing Indigenous peoples’ knowledge

9 principles of engagement

• Enhancing resilience of IPs’ ecosystems

(Environmental issues & climate change)

• Promoting access to market
• Empowerment
• Promoting gender equality

Instruments to enhance development effectiveness with Indigenous Peoples

• Country Strategic Opportunities Programmes
• IFAD-funded projects (loans - grants)

design, implementation support, supervision, M&E

• Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility (IPAF)
• Indigenous Peoples’ Forum at IFAD
• Partnerships

How do we work?

Three pillars:

• COSOP - Loans and grants at country level (database):

2016, 13 projects approved for a total of USD 99.5 million 2015, 16 projects approved for a total of USD 167 million 2014, 8 projects approved for a total of USD 88 million Policy Engagement Country Level

• Grants in support of IPs self-driven development at grassroots

level – IPAF (127 projects) Global , regional grants (WCIP, Country Policy engagement)

• International advocacy (UNPFII, IASG, Terra Madre…)

Three pillars are interconnected and mutually supportive

Operational Instruments: COSOPs Project cycle

Country Strategic Opportunity Programmes

Within country ownership:

• To take into account IPs Issues
• Disaggregated data by ethnic groups

and geographic locations where possible

To promote participation in all stages of COSOPs and Projects Indigenous experts part of the design teams

Project Cycle

• Design, implementation and evaluation to take into account the socio-economic

and cultural specificities and build on them

• To empower IPs by facilitating direct role in managing resources
• Participatory monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and inclusion of

specific indicators on the well being of IPs

The Indigenous Peoples Forum

Workshop establishing the forum 11 Feb 2011 Purpose:

• Dialogue with IFAD and Governments
• n IFAD funded development

programs

• Promote IFAD’s accountability to

indigenous peoples –

• 3 Objectives:
• Monitor and evaluate the

implementation of IFAD Policy

• Build and strengthen partnerships

between IFAD & IPs

• Promote the participation of IPOs IFAD’s

activities at country, regional and international levels, at all stages of project and programme cycles and support capacity building

PHOTOS

The Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility, IPAF

• A dedicated Facility to support small projects designed and

implemented by indigenous peoples’ communities and their

• rganizations
• Objective: Strengthen indigenous peoples’ communities and their
• rganizations by financing small-projects which foster their self-

driven development in the framework of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

• Generate lessons learned and approaches for replication and up-

scaling.

Free Prior Informed Consent

Social Enviornmental and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP)

Approved by IFAD's Executive Board in December 2014 outlines how IFAD will address the social, environmental and climate impacts associated with its projects and programmes by: SECAP Key tools are:

• Social, environmental and climate change preparatory studies that can be undertaken during the

development of country strategic opportunities programmes where this is considered necessary;

• *Social, environmental and climate assessment screening at concept or early formulation stages of all

programmes and projects. and the findings reflected in the resultant – SECAP review note;

• *Environment and social impact assessments (ESIA) at formulation stage of projects classified as

Category A to be disclosed in a timely and accessible manner at the quality assurance stage as part of the free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) process;

• *Climate risk analyses at concept stage or early formulation of projects and programmes classified as

"high";

• Environmental and social clauses and/or covenants, including FPIC, in financing agreements, as

deemed necessary;

• Social, environmental and climate change monitoring during the implementation stage of programmes

and projects; and

• Ex-post environmental and social impact assessment at completion of programmes and projects

classified as Category "A";

• *FPIC for interventions that might affect land access and use rights of communities has been obtained

by the borrower or grant recipient. The SECAP is implemented by IFAD Country Programme Managers and technical staff who are responsible for developing and providing implementation support to IFAD-funded projects and programmes.

How-to-do-Note on seeking FPIC in IFAD-funded projects

WHAT is Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)?

• Free, Prior and Informed Consent is an operational principle empowering local

communities to give or withhold their consent to proposed investment and development programmes that may affect their rights and livelihoods, or their access to lands and

• resources. FPIC requirements promoted in 3 IFAD Policies: Improving Access to Land

and Tenure Security (2008); Engagement with Indigenous Peoples (2009); Environment and Natural Resource Management (2011); and SECAP (2014).

• Not only a safeguard principle, but a pro-active approach to identify development

pathways with local and indigenous peoples’ communities.

Consent should be sought in a way that is “free, prior and informed” Free: no coercion, intimidation or manipulation Prior: sufficiently in advance of any decision point or commencement of activities Informed: information provided should cover at least some defined aspects (e.g. purpose, areas, preliminary impact assessment) Consent:

• utcome of the consultation, participation and collective decision-making

process by the local communities. Recorded consent agreement between the project proponent and the concerned communities. The form to be mutually agreed upon.

Three IFAD Policies promoting FPIC requirements

WHEN to seek FPIC in IFAD funded projects?

WHEN to seek FPIC Scenarios WHAT to do RESPONSIBILITY

During Design phase

When beneficiary communities are identified at design stage together with the specific investment/activities to be undertaken in each community.

• FPIC be obtained before

QA

• PDR to include formal

consent agreement. Borrowing Government with IFAD support through CPMTs / project design teams

During Implementation phase

When either the communities and/or the specific investment/activities are not identifiable at project design phase (typically CDDs and other demand driven projects).

• PDR to include an overall

FPIC implementation plan

• FPIC to be sought before

any investment takes place.

• Joint review missions to

assess FPIC process

• The ex post ESIA will

confirm that the FPIC has been successfully implemented. Borrowing Government/Implementing agency IFAD To assess FPIC through CPMTs / joint review missions

Recap on How do we work with Indigenous Peoples:

Loans/ COSOPs

Grants

International Advocacy and Policy Engagement

IFAD’s instruments:

IFAD’s achievements 2015-2016

COSOPs - Loans

LOANS GRANTs COSOPs

2015-2016 IFAD approved:

• 21 loans (USD 200 Mln) in 29 countries and 13 grants supporting IPs
• 8 COSOPs specifically integrate Indigenous Peoples’ issues

(Argentina, Brazil, China, El Salvador, Indonesia, Paraguay, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Tanzania)

• Improving Quality (QE/QA): Technical advice in project design and participation of

indigenous experts in design teams or consultants with expertise on IPs

• The inclusion of a specific strategy on indigenous peoples: Social Assessment of

Ips’ communities; Specific indicators for IPs. Free Prior and Informed Consent implementation plan as part of SECAP;

• Improving the capacity of IFAD and project staff in engaging with indigenous

peoples at the country level (FPIC trainings/awareness sessions delivered to 260 staff through SECAP)

IFAD’s achievements 2015-2016

Policy Engagement

• Policy engagement at country level improving through global

partnership: WCIP grant, regional workshops in preparation of the Global IPs Forum at IFAD, partnerships with IWGIA, UNPFII Secretariat and Fondo Indígena.

• Ongoing support in policy engagement in 6 countries

(Tanzania, El Salvador, DRC, Paraguay, Myanmar, Nepal).

• Future: 5 additional countries

Policy Engagement and Partnership Advocacy and Partnership

• GC Side Event on IPs
• UNPFII Annual Session (May)
• IASG meetings + SWAP WCIP
• SDGs and IPs Round Table IWGIA
• Slow Food: Indigenous Terra Madre Network, Terra Madre Youth
• Rome-based Universities: Lectures LUISS; UNICRI/Cabot Un.; RomaTre

• How to Do Note on Free Prior and Informed Consent
• Traditional Knowledge Advantage: Indigenous peoples’ knowledge in

climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies

• IFAD and Slow Food (presidia)
• Country Technical Notes (31)
• Scoping study: Indigenous Peoples and the Private Sector (CADPI)
• Glossary on Indigenous Peoples
• Evaluation Synthesis on IFAD’s Engagement with Indigenous Peoples

(Independent Office of Evaluation of IFAD - IOE)

Fostering knowledge generation and sharing of good practices

IFAD’s achievements 2015-2016

Knowledge Management

What have we learned so far…

• To enable indigenous peoples to overcome poverty, their own identity, values and

culture need to shape their development initiatives. Indigenous peoples co- authors of IFAD-funded projects….

• …build on their distinctiveness and diversity as an asset and economic potential
• A key factor is strong participatory approach to design, implementation and

monitoring of projects

• Create space to enable indigenous peoples’ communities and their organizations

to determine their priorities, design and implement their own projects at the grassroots and corporate levels

• Direct support of IPs self-drive development building on IPs identified needs and

proposed solutions

• Ensure FPIC - Not a yes or no to a given project, but a process of designing

development initiative directly WITH and BY indigenous peoples’ communities. It improves the relevance and quality of investments and enhances community

• wnership of development initiatives and results and sustainability ….

• We highlight the fundamental and spiritual connection

that people have to the Earth, and how that relationship is the foundation for the health or ill of our food system;

• We reiterate that agrobiodiversity that is created and

maintained by Indigenous Peoples and rural communities throughout the world plays an essential part in achieving agroecological production;

• We reaffirm that traditional knowledge plays an

essential part in ensuring that agrobiodiversity and agroecological practices are maintained and made available for current and future generations;

• We proclaim that Indigenous Peoples have already

demonstrated the many ways in which agrobiodiversity can be used to adapt and build

• resilience. Adaptation to change, especially climate

change, requires the use of the diversity present in and around production and consumption systems. Indigenous food systems can offer solutions to these current global challenges;

Indigenous Terra Madre

Indigenous Terra Madre

VIDEO

Thank you GRAZIE

www.ifad.org; indigenous peoples www.ifad.org