Indigenous Peoples’ Self -Driven Development By A. Cordone, Senior Technical Specialist Indigenous Peoples and Tribal Issues University Roma Tre Rome, 17 March 2017
Outline Lecture • Who are Indigenous Peoples? • International Legal Framework and UN Mechanisms • IFAD’s Engagement with Indigenous Peoples • Partnerships / Indigenous Terra Madre • VIDEO • www.ifad.org /topics / indigenous peoples
Indigenous Peoples: Who are they? • No universally accepted definition • Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples of the United Nations no definition • ILO convention 107 and 169 and Cobo report, most widely accepted criteria
Indigenous Peoples: Who are they? Criteria used: - Strong attachment to geographical locations and ancestral territorial origins - Remain culturally, geographically and institutionally distinct from the dominant society - Preserve their own socio- cultural, economic and political way of life - They self-identify as indigenous peoples
Indigenous Peoples’ Characteristics • Important fraction of world’s population (over 370 million) • Reliance upon subsistence-based production: - Pastoral - Horticultural - Hunting-Gathering techniques - Fishing • IPs are creators, providers and conservers of biological and cultural diversity - represent 75% of the world’s cultures (4000 languages) - 80% of the world biodiversity • Predominantly non-urbanized society • Many belong to the rural poor - 5% of the world population - but 15% of poor people
Indigenous Peoples’ Characteristics • Living within isolated/marginalized areas: - Forest - Mountains - Dry lands, etc • Distinct languages and other cultural features • Often marginalized within the larger society. Suffer from discrimination
International Legal Framework • ILO Convention 107 on indigenous and tribal people (1957) • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) • International Covenant on Eco. Social and Cul. Righs (1966) • International Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) • Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) • Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) • Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment (1984) • ILO Convention on the Rights of Child (1989) • ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Inde-pendent Countries (1989)
International Legal Framework • International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990) • UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992) • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) • UN Convention to Combat Desertification ((1994) • ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998) • UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001) • FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources (2001) • UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) • UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005) • UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) • In 2007 in the UN General Assembly 144 countries approved the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA against). Now all have endorsed the declaration. • It represents the minimum standards that should be observed internationally in relation to indigenous peoples • Emphasizes their right : - To maintain traditional institutions, cultures and customs - To pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations - Collective rights over land, territories and n resources • It sends out a clear message to the international community, reaffirming the human rights of the world’s Indigenous Peoples
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 46 Operational Articles can be clustered in 9 parts: Part I :General Principles: (Arts. 1-6) collective rights, non-discrimination and equality, right to self-determination, full participation in life of state, - Art.3: Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they Freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Part II : Life, Integrity, Security (Arts.7-10) Part III: Spiritual, linguistic, cultural, education rights (Arts. 11-16) Part IV: labour rights, right to development (Art. 23) subsistence and health, rights of women, children, disabled (Arts.17-24) Part V: rights to lands, territories and resources (Arts.25-30) Part VI : Intellectual property rights, free, prior and informed consent, treaty rights (Arts.31-37) Part VII: Implementation of Declaration, role of Permanent Forum and UN System, States (Arts.38-43) Part VIII: Miscellaneous Provisions, affirmation of territorial integrity (Arts.44-46) Part IX: Free, prior and informed consent (Arts.10,11,28,29,32)
Principles of IP’s Identity • Right to Development “The right to decide the kind of development that takes place on their lands and territories, in accordance with their own priorities and conceptions of well- being” • Free, Prior and Informed Consent “Consent must be freely given, obtained prior to implementation of activities and be founded upon an understanding of the full range of issues implicated by the activity or decision in question. ”
IPs’ Self -Determined Development
UN Mechanisms to Promote Indigenous Peoples’ Rights The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2000) is an advisory body to the UN Economic and Social Council with a mandate to discuss indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights. Mandate : - Provide expert advice and recommendations on indigenous issues, raise awareness and promote the integration and coordination of activities related to indigenous issues within the UN system - Prepare and disseminate information on indigenous issues Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2001) under the Human Rights Council • Reports on Human Rights situation of IPs in different countries; specific cases of violation; thematic studies Expert Mechanism (2007) on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples • Provide Human Rights Council with thematic advice in the form of studies and research
IFAD’s Engagement with Indigenous Peoples
IFAD’s engagement with Indigenous Peoples Last Decade 2016 : “IFAD supports indigenous peoples self - 2o06 : “IFAD has come to driven development, while respecting and recognize that Indigenous enhancing their traditional livelihoods, Peoples are one of its main occupations and knowledge. IFAD’s target groups and in this interventions and indigenous peoples’ targeting regard this year in May we will be improved, including through more in- organized a Policy Forum on depth socio-cultural and vulnerability analyses indigenous issues to discuss in- of different target groups and by integrating house how best to mainstream specific indicators on their well-being to capture their concerns and impacts and results.” ( Strategic Framework 2016-2025 ) perspectives in our future work….” ( Mr Båge, IFAD President ) DESK ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND TRIBAL ISSUES
IFAD Policy on Engagement with Indigenous Peoples (2009)
IFAD Policy on Engagement with IPs (2009) GOAL: To enhance IFAD’s development effectiveness in its engagement with indigenous peoples’ communities in rural areas, and especially to empower them to overcome poverty by building upon their identity and culture
9 principles of engagement • Acknowledging Cultural heritage and identity as assets • Applying Free Prior and Informed Consent • Enhancing Community-driven development approaches • Promoting equitable access to land, territories and resources • Valuing Indigenous peoples’ knowledge
9 principles of engagement • Enhancing resilience of IPs’ ecosystems (Environmental issues & climate change) • Promoting access to market • Empowerment • Promoting gender equality
Instruments to enhance development effectiveness with Indigenous Peoples Country Strategic Opportunities Programmes IFAD-funded projects (loans - grants) design, implementation support, supervision, M&E Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility (IPAF) Indigenous Peoples’ Forum at IFAD Partnerships
How do we work? Three pillars: COSOP - Loans and grants at country level (database): 2016, 13 projects approved for a total of USD 99.5 million 2015, 16 projects approved for a total of USD 167 million 2014, 8 projects approved for a total of USD 88 million Policy Engagement Country Level Grants in support of IPs self-driven development at grassroots level – IPAF (127 projects) Global , regional grants (WCIP, Country Policy engagement) International advocacy (UNPFII, IASG, Terra Madre…) Three pillars are interconnected and mutually supportive
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