INDIA-EU DIALOGUE ON MIGRATION AND MOBILITY Indian Council for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Rajat Kathuria, Director and CE

rkathuria@icrier.res.in

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)

INDIA-EU DIALOGUE ON MIGRATION AND MOBILITY

26 September 2017

OVERVIEW

• Exploring India-EU complementarities
• India-EU migration trends
• Labour mobility
• Student mobility
• Tourist flows
• Way forward

Exploring India-EU complementarities

Prime workforce (25-49 years, in ‘000 and percent)

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (medium variant), United Nations Population Division. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 1950 1970 1990 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 EU (with UK) EU (without UK) India EU (%, with UK) EU (%, without UK) India (%)

Employment growth (%) in EU by sectors, 2015-2025

16.30 12.72 7.97 7.83 7.63 7.21 5.52 4.07 0.98 0.90 0.46

• 3.92
• 3.92
• 6.78
• 8.90
• 15.86
• 16.68

Professional services Administrative services ICT services Health & social care Finance & insurance Arts & recreation Accommodation & food Wholesale & retail trade Education Construction Transport & storage Public sector & defence Manufacturing Water and waste treatment Energy supply services Agriculture, forestry & fishing Mining & quarrying Source: European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP).

Skills shortages in EU

Occupations for which there are skill shortages

• higher skill – ICT and STEM professionals, medical doctors, nurses, midwives, teachers
• intermediate skill – cooks, welders and truck drivers

Reasons for shortage

• Insufficient supply of graduates
• Rapid technical advancements
• Less enrollments to study, STEM with high entry requirements and high dropout rates
• Low participation of women in STEM

Country-specific shortages

• Healthcare

Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia (due to emigration); Denmark, Croatia, Latvia and Austria (due to retention challenges)

• Legal professionals

Estonia and France

• Financial analysts

Ireland, UK, Hungary and Luxembourg

Source: CEDEFOP.

Some Challenges

• Movement of people is affected by lack of mutual recognition of qualifications and skills
• India and EU have not been able to conclude Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) of qualifications
• Gaps in implementation of EU’s Services Directive and Directive 2005/36/EC on recognition of professional

qualifications

• In 2005, EC developed a set of 11 common basic principles (CBPs) for mainstreaming integration measures
• In 2011, a review of CBPs highlighted several challenges regarding integration of migrants
• low levels of employment among migrants, especially migrant women
• rising levels of unemployment and high levels of over-qualification of migrants compared to the jobs they do
• gaps in educational attainment
• increasing risk of social exclusion of migrants
• public concerns with the lack of integration of migrants

Policy engagement so far

• India-EU Common Agenda for Migration and Mobility (CAMM) endorsed at India-EU Summit (30 March

2016)

• Several bilateral and multilateral agreements (including trade, social security, labour mobility) have been

signed between India and EU (and Member States) to facilitate mobility

• Under GATS, services can be traded internationally in four different ways
• Mode 1: Cross-border supply (e.g. banking services transmitted via telecommunications or mail)
• Mode 2: Consumption abroad (e.g. tourist or patient)
• Mode 3: Commercial presence (e.g. domestic subsidiaries of foreign insurance companies or hotel

chains)

• Mode 4: Presence of natural persons (e.g. students, doctors, teachers, etc.)

India-EU migration trends

Migrant inflows from BRICS to EU 21 (as % of total)

Note: 'Total migrant inflows' is representative of migration from outside the EU as well as migration from within the EU. EU (21) consists of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Source: OECD Migration Statistics (Definition of ‘immigrants’ varies across OECD countries). 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 2000 2005 2010 2015 India China Brazil Russia South Africa

Migration from India to EU and US, 2000-2015

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 2000 2005 2010 2015 EU (21 - with UK) EU without UK US Source: OECD.

India-EU migration by selected countries, 2015

Source: OECD international migration database.

Stock of Indian migrants in EU member states

Source: United Nations Population Division: The 2015 revision (latest available). 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 United Kingdom Germany Italy Netherlands Sweden Spain Belgium France Poland Denmark

Migrant outflows from India to select EU MS

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 United Kingdom Italy Germany France Spain Netherlands Sweden Ireland Austria Belgium

Stock of migrants from EU MS in India, 2015

Source: United Nations Population Division: The 2015 revision. 4,866 2,147 1,142 156 United Kingdom Germany France Portugal

Residence permits (3 months and above) granted to Indian citizens in EU by various reasons

33,075 39,074 53,178 34,562 23,436 30,983 62,032 46,516 55,757 24,389 48,529 55,558 2008 2012 2016 Family Education Remunerated activities Others Note: 'Others' category includes diplomats, consular officers treated as exempt from control; retired persons of independent means; all other passengers given limited leave to enter who are not included in any other category; non-asylum discretionary permissions. Source: Eurostat.

Residence permits (3 months and above) granted to Indian citizens in EU including and excluding UK

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 2008 2016 2008 2016 2008 2016 2008 2016 2008 2016 Total Family Education Remunerated activities Others European Union (28 countries) EU (Excluding UK) Source: Eurostat.

Labour Mobility

Labour mobility trends

Source: Eurostat. 62,032 72,161 46,516 54,866 55,757 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Permits granted to Indian citizens for remunerative activities in the EU (28)

• 5,000

5,000 15,000 25,000 35,000 45,000 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Top 5 member states as of 2016 granting permits for employment reasons

United Kingdom Germany Netherlands Sweden Denmark

Irregular Indian migrants in EU MS, 2016

Source: Eurostat. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 European Union (28 countries) United Kingdom Germany France Austria Portugal Belgium Italy Greece Spain Cyprus

Managing migration from third countries

• Approaches adopted by MS to manage migration from third countries (European Migration Network,

2013)

• Occupation lists where labour shortages exist

Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom

• Employers needs analysis

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden

• Quotas and limits to restrict labor migration of third-country nationals

Austria, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Norway, United Kingdom

• Bilateral and multilateral agreements (viz. social security agreements, labor mobility partnerships, trade

agreements, etc.) promoting fair recruitment practices, equal treatment to migrant workers, access and portability of benefits for migrant workers

Facilitating labor mobility – Bilateral agreements

Source: Ministry of External Affairs website, Government of India.

Area of cooperation Agreements Main objectives of the agreement/collaboration Current status Labour Mobility Labour Mobility and Partnership Agreement between India and Denmark Promote orderly migration of workers from India to meet the growing demand for skilled and trained workers in the Danish economy Prevent illegal migration and the smuggling of people for financial benefits In force Social Security Social Security Agreements Norway (2010), Denmark (2009), Luxembourg (2009), Netherlands (2009), Belgium (2006), French Republic (2008), Germany (2008), Hungary (2010), Czech Republic (2010), Sweden (2012), Finland (2012), Austria (2013) Social security benefits across jurisdictions In force Portugal (2013), Germany (2011) Social security benefits across jurisdictions Not in force Trade EU-India Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) Enhance trade, investment and cooperation by removing the existing barriers In negotiations, since 2007 European Free Trade Area (EFTA) - India Free trade agreement: Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) In negotiations Identification and return of Swiss and Indian Nationals Bilateral Technical Arrangement between India and Switzerland Return of irregular migrants between the two countries September 2016

Student Mobility

Flow of tertiary level students from India to selected countries, 2014-15

Source: UNESCO. 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 United States Australia UK New Zealand Canada UAE Germany Russian Federation Ukraine Kyrgyzstan Number of Indian students abroad as % mobile Indian students abroad

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 United Kingdom Germany Poland France Cyprus 2008 2016

Top 5 EU MS granting education permits to Indians

Source: Eurostat.

Factors affecting student mobility to EU

• Entry and admission
• recognition of third country qualifications
• linguistic and cultural barriers
• payment of tuition fees
• availability of scholarships
• visa and immigration policies
• imposition of caps on length of time to complete studies
• Employment
• access to the labour market during study
• participation in the labour market following completion of studies
• Bilateral agreements between India and the EU Member States

Country MoU/Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI) Status UK Joint statement between the MHRD and Department of Business, Innovation and Skills Signed in New Delhi on November 13, 2014 MoU between MHRD and Department of business, innovation and skills, UK A framework for the UK – India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) (2016-21) Signed in New Delhi and London on April 7 and March 18, 2015 Germany MoU between Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and Federal Minsitry of Education and Research on Cooperation in the field of higher education Signed in Berlin on April 11, 2013 JDI between MHRD and the Federal Foreign Office regarding the Promotion of German as a Foreign Language in India and the Promotion

• f Modern Indian Languages m Germany

Signed in New Delhi on October 5, 2015 France Exchange Programme between India and France on cooperation in the field of education Signed in New Delhi on February 15, 2007

Facilitating student mobility – Bilateral agreements

Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development website, Government of India.

Tourist flows

Tourist arrivals in India from select EU MS and US (in 000's), 2003 and 2015

Source: India Tourism Statistics 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 United Kingdom Germany France Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Belgium Total (of 16 MS) Arrivals in 2003 Arrivals in 2015 % of total arrivals in India in 2003 % of total arrivals in India in 2015

Tourists from China and India to Europe (in 000's), 2016

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Entire Europe Northern Europe Western Europe Southern Europe Central / Eastern Europe China India Source: European Tourism: Trends and Prospects (Q4/2016).

Way Forward

This presentation will be followed by a comprehensive report on ‘EU-India Cooperation on Migration and Mobility’, based on

• extensive literature review
• insights from key stakeholders
• progress made on ongoing agreements
• inputs provided by relevant international organizations

Kindly share your inputs / comments / suggestions by writing to amehdi@icrier.res.in.

THANK YOU!