Important H. erectus sites and dates East Africa 1.7-1.6 mya Koobi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Important H. erectus sites and dates East Africa 1.7-1.6 mya Koobi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 26, 2023 128 likes •366 views

Important H. erectus sites and dates East Africa 1.7-1.6 mya Koobi Fora -Earliest H. erectus Lake Turkana Turkana Boy -5'4 12 year old boy -Ape-like accelerated growth and development 1 Important H. erectus sites and dates Out of Africa 1.7

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Important H. erectus sites and dates

East Africa 1.7-1.6 mya Koobi Fora

  • Earliest H. erectus

Lake Turkana Turkana Boy

  • 5'4 12 year old boy
  • Ape-like accelerated growth and development
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Important H. erectus sites and dates

Out of Africa 1.7 mya Dmanisi, Rep of Georgia

  • First H. erectus out of Africa

"Old man of Dmanisi"

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Important Homo erectus sites and dates

Asia 1.6-1 mya Java

  • Rapid migration (< 100,000 years)
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Important Homo erectus sites and dates

Asia (continued) 750-200 kya Zhoukoudian caves, China

  • 45 individuals
  • 100,000 artifacts (stone tools)
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CHAPTER 10

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1 mya Wonderwerk cave, South Africa

  • Evidence of controlled fire use

Fire control

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Question: Why would using fire benefit us?

  • Warmth, protection, extends the day

Cooking

  • Less energy to eat cooked meat AND beans, tubers, legumes
  • Safer and lasts longer (dry meat)
  • High-value source of calories to fuel energy-hogging brains
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The Pleistocene Epoch

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Pleistocene epoch 1.8 mya-10 kya

The Ice Age Middle Pleistocene: 780-125 kya

  • Numerous glacial and interglacials occurred
  • Climatic oscillations affected African, European, and Asian hominins

Late Pleistocene: 125-10 kya

  • Last glaciations
  • Neandertal emerges in Europe
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Interglacial periods: more rainfall Glacial periods: more arid

Middle Pleistocene African setting

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Interglacial periods: Open migration routes to Europe thru Eurasia Glacial periods: Colder and inaccessible to migrating hominins thru Eurasia

Middle Pleistocene European setting

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Homo heidelbergensis

850-200 kya Widely dispersed in Africa and Europe Morphological changes from Homo erectus

  • Increased brain size, rounded braincase
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Late Pleistocene: 125-10 kya

  • Last glaciations
  • Neandertal emerges in Europe
  • H. heidelbergensis in Europe gave rise to Neandertal
  • H. heidelbergensis in Africa gave rise to Homo sapiens
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Middle Pleistocene hominins (MPh) sites

Europe 500-400 kya Atapuerca, Spain

  • 80% of MPh remains found here
  • Evidence of early Neandertal transition
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Middle Pleistocene culture

  • Still using Acheulian tools

Levallois technique

  • More control over flake size/shape
  • Suggests increased cognitive capabilities
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  • Caves and open-air campsites
  • Made temporary structures

Subsistence: increased variety in food resources: fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, eggs, and... Unique: marine resources: fish, mussels, shellfish, etc.

Middle Pleistocene hominin culture

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Middle Pleistocene hominins sites

Africa 600 kya Bodo, Ethiopia

  • Earliest H. heidelbergensis site
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Neandertal

130-30 kya

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Neandertal

  • Most neandertal sites are in Europe
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Neandertal morphology

Cranial

  • Occipital bun

CC=1520 cm3

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Neandertal morphology

Postcranial

  • Robust, muscular, stockier
  • Shorter limbs

Morphology = adaptations to colder European climate

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Neandertal culture

Mousterian tool industry (125-40 kya)

  • More flake tools vs core tools
  • Tools for skinning and making clothes
  • Regular fire use