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Implementation of strategies to optimize the co- composting of green waste and food waste in developing countries. A case study: Colombia A. Hernández-Gómez, D. Gordillo, F . Gómez, A. Calderón, C. Medina, V. Sánchez-T orres, E. R. Oviedo-Ocaña

Outline  Introduction  Materials and Methods  Results and Discussion  Conclusions  References 2

Outline  Introduction  Materials and Methods  Results and Discussion  Conclusions  References 3

Introduction (T roschinetz & Mihelcic, 4 2009)

Introduction Food Waste (FW) Characterization of solid waste in some cities of Colombia Green Waste (GW) (BID, 2015) 5

Introduction GW are mainly Management alternative: composed by:  Lignin  Hemicellulose  Cellulose Composti Limitations regarding the ng processing time and quality of the product 6

Introduction Strategies:  Food waste co-composting  T wo-stage composting (TSC)  Phosphate Rock (PR) addition 7

Introduction Strategies:  Food waste co-composting  Two-stage composting (TSC)  Phosphate Rock (PR) addition (Zhang et al. 2013) 8

Outline  Introduction  Materials and Methods  Results and Discussion  Conclusions  References 9

Materials and Methods Estimation of the production and physical composition of GW  Each of the discharges made by the collector truck during the study period were monitored.  The total capacity of the truck was 7.4 m³ (3.7 x 2 x 1 m) 10

Materials and Methods Estimation of the production and physical composition of GW  NMX-AA-19-1985 for sample quartering  NMX-AA-15-1985 for bulk density Co-composting of GW, PF and UF using TSC and traditional (T) (TSC + 15% PR) TA (T +15% PR) TB TC (T) 11

Outline  Introduction  Materials and Methods  Results and Discussion  Conclusions  References 12

Results and Discussion Total production 230 Bulk density = 153.25 kg/m³ 199,35 192,9192,45 200 189,47 167,58 Bulk density [kg/m³] 170 156,02 Production = 732.5 kg/day 144,29 137,68 140 130,3 127,24 121,76 110 PESO VOLUMÉTRICO 80 73.25 kg/day-ha Green Rainy period 80 areas 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Test 13

Results and Discussion Physical composition 74% can be used in GW composting processes 14

Results and Discussion Composting process 10 8 6 TA 70,0 TB pH TA 4 TC TB 60,0 2 TC Tam 0 50,0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 b. Temperature (°C) Time (days) V. 40,0 BD (K g/m³) 30,0 750 600 20,0 450 10,0 300 TA TB 150 TC 0,0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time (days) Time (days) 15

Results and Discussion Composting process CEC Treatment Ash (%) TOC (%) EC (mS/cm) WRC (%) PT (%) (cmol/kg) TA 74,87(4,04)a 22,00(1,48)b 16,63(6,60)a 0,20(0,15)a 153,73(11,38)b 6,56(1,14)a TB 74,83(2,95)a 20,43(4,35)b 12,21(3,98)a 0,13(0,02)a 145,60(12,60)b 7,33(0,04)a TC 51,60(13,55)b 32,77(3,66)a 20,87(7,87)a 0,21(0,01)a 237,47(66,40)a 0,56(0,24)b NTC 5167 < 60 >30 >15 - >100 >1 NCh 2880 - - - < 3 - - Moisture (%) TON (%) pH GI (%) C/N - TA 30,37(1,81)ab 0,88(0,15)b 7,72(0,10)a 176a 20,00(11,00) - TB 27,97(2,14)b 0,73(0,03)b 7,80(0,04)a 163ab 16,57(4,74) - TC 33,87(3,56)a 1,37(0,15)a 7,51(0,07)b 102b 14,93(3,88 - NTC 5167 <35 >1 >4 - <9 - - - NCh 2880 30 - 45 > 0,5 5 - 8.5 > 80 < 25 - 16

Outline  Introduction  Materials and Methods  Results and Discussion  Conclusions  References 17

Conclusions  The bulk density of GW varies considerably due to the typical climatic conditions of the context.  In the institution of higher education UIS, the production of GW is about 732.5 kg per day, whereof 74% (i.e. leaves, branches and grass clippings) can be recycling by composting processes.  Regarding the composting process, TA and TB did not present signifjcant difgerences (p ≤ 0.05) in most of the evaluated parameters, which allows to affjrm that the two-stage composting did not represent time optimization or improvements in the quality of the product.  The PR achieved increasing the phosphorous content in the product; however, it is necessary to decrease the percentage of PR added, due to the fact that possible inhibitions of the process were presented due to the high content applied. TC presented better results in terms of product quality; however, it 18 still has defjciencies in phosphorus content.

Acknowledgments This work was carried out thanks to the support of the Universidad Industrial de Santander (Colombia), through the project 2354 of 2017 THANK YOU! 19

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