Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera2ons in Normal and Emergency - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera2ons in Normal and Emergency - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 18, 2023 266 likes •810 views

Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera2ons in Normal and Emergency Condi2ons Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM steve@crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM 25 Years Crowd and Event Safety Experience

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Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera2ons in Normal and Emergency Condi2ons

Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM steve@crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org

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Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM

  • 25 Years Crowd and Event Safety Experience ‘Normal and Emergency’
  • Degree Crowd and Safety Management
  • Chartered Health and Safety Consultant
  • OccupaFonal Safety and Health Consultants Register – Registered Consultant
  • Chartered Fire Safety Consultant
  • Former Royal Navy Fire-Fighter
  • Former Director of Security and Safety: Oasis, Eminem, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Kasabian, Rolling Stones (UK

Only), BeasKe Boys, Led Zeppelin, Shakira, Stereophonics, Dixie Chicks, Beady Eye

  • Retail Sector, Various Events, Venues, FesFval’s and other Major Events worldwide including Motorsports,

Royal Events, Fireworks and events of significant importance

  • Purple Guide – Acknowledged Contributor
  • Australian live Performance – Author of the Audience Safety Chapter
  • Event Working Party for US Technical Standards version of the Purple Guide
  • Managing Crowds Safely (HSG 154) – Reviewed 2016 for UKCMA
  • Pioneer of the “Showstop Procedure” (Globally used now and recognised by HSE)
  • Guest Speaker and Trainer worldwide on event safety, crowds, human behaviour and fire safety
  • Fire Risk Assessor for leisure, event and retail industry’s

www.crowdsafety.org

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Terrorism Crowded Spaces

www.crowdsafety.org

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Some Crowd Disasters last 6 years

  • 2016: - 50 – 600 Dead Stampede Ethiopia
  • 2015: - 2442 Dead & 1028 injured
  • 2014: - 106 Dead & 262 Injured
  • 2013: - 470 Dead & 757 injured

www.crowdsafety.org

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Why do crowd crushes happen?

  • We are trying to service more people in less Fme….
  • Too many people in too liele space
  • Boelenecks
  • Poor Planning
  • Site Design
  • InformaFon
  • Management
  • Inexperience and lack of competence of organisers assessors
  • Terrorism

www.crowdsafety.org

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3 Primary Reasons to prevent

  • Moral
  • Legal
  • Financial

www.crowdsafety.org

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Manchester United EvacuaFon

  • The blunder is set to

cost United £3 million as it is forced to shell out to disappointed fans.

www.crowdsafety.org

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The biggest risks of all are….

People!!!

www.crowdsafety.org

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Crowd Density Presenta2on

www.crowdsafety.org

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Fluid MoFon

  • When crowds are less

densely packed, less than 4 people/per square meter, they have Kme to make decisions, they do not have involuntary movement as one, almost like a fluid…..

www.crowdsafety.org

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Crowd Density ConsideraFons…

  • Most crowd related

issues are based upon too many people in too li]le space…..

  • Boelenecks
  • Anthropometry
  • Bulky bags
  • Coats
  • Push chairs/Prams
  • Wheelchairs
  • People laying down
  • Furniture/SeaFng

Tables

www.crowdsafety.org

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Crowd Density

  • Density can be

described as the number of people in a prescribed space.

  • For example 2 Persons/

per square metre

www.crowdsafety.org

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AddiFonal Factors

www.crowdsafety.org

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5 Persons/per square metre

www.crowdsafety.org

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Individuals Density PercepFon

  • The relaFonship with the

people involved

  • The duraFon of the

experience

  • The physical context of the

experience

  • The meaning of the

experience

www.crowdsafety.org

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SpaFal and Social Density

Spa2al Density

  • The same number of people

but the space alters… Social Density

  • Occurs when the number of

people alters, but the space remains the same….

www.crowdsafety.org

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Crowd Density – Social Density

www.crowdsafety.org

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Crowd Density DemonstraFon

www.crowdsafety.org

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Male dominated crowds

  • Male dominated crowds

have a greater potenKal to behave in a more aggressive manner in comparison to female dominated crowds with a high proporKon of family groups….

www.crowdsafety.org

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Primary Influencer’s

  • Design – Barrier types, event footprint, site capacity, ingress/egress

flow rates, area and density, any delays around the site (toilets/ bars/merchandising/amusements etc)

  • Informa2on – Advance informaFon, Signage, communicaFon

systems, VMS, websites, social media, rumour’s

  • Management – Processes, planning, communicaFons, protocols,

chain of command, briefings, red flag indicators (normal and emergency), competency of planners, assessors and criFcal decision makers…

www.crowdsafety.org

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InformaFon Delivery

www.crowdsafety.org

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Egress and Dispersal

  • The crowd will egress en mass,

in normal and emergency condiFons.

  • Oumlow must not be
  • bstructed and needs

sufficient SPACE to prevent any blockages which in turn will increase density and increase the risk and safety consideraFons further.

www.crowdsafety.org

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Flow Rate Issues

  • Uni Flow
  • Bi DirecFonal Flow
  • MulF Flow
  • Oumlow

www.crowdsafety.org

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Crowd Perception of Risk

www.crowdsafety.org

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The Crowds’ Expectation’s

  • If we were to split crowds

into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:

– Compliant – Non Compliant

www.crowdsafety.org

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Bradford Fire Overview (32yrs ago)

  • May 1985
  • Bradford City v Lincoln
  • 56 Killed
  • Over 265 Injuries
  • Fans had to break down

locked exits to escape

  • Many received police

commendaFons for bravery

www.crowdsafety.org

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SLIDE 27

www.crowdsafety.org

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Social Media – 15 mins of fame

www.crowdsafety.org

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Pre - Movement Time

1 The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident… 2 Through to detection 3 Response to the incident 4 Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre- determined)

www.crowdsafety.org

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Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to

  • The loss of life
  • Catastrophic brand

damage,

  • International condemnation
  • Media onslaught
  • Loss of Liberty

www.crowdsafety.org

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Sime’s General Rule 25-50-25

  • 25% Move Closer
  • 50% Stay put
  • 25% Move to exits

www.crowdsafety.org

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StaFon Nightclub Fire - 2003

  • 100 Died
  • 232 Injuries
  • Cause – Indoor Pyro
  • Flammable Soundproofing
  • This incident established new

standards across the USA

www.crowdsafety.org

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SLIDE 33

www.crowdsafety.org

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Herding Behaviour

www.crowdsafety.org

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Herding Behaviour in Emergency

www.crowdsafety.org

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Arching Effect Francisco Enrique

  • Boelenecks
  • Arching effect as crowds

try to flow through a narrow point

www.crowdsafety.org

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ConsideraFons

  • 9 out of 10 people will

leave the way they entered

  • Families and groups will

leave together

  • Children acFviFes

should be posiFoned at street level where possible

www.crowdsafety.org

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Panic - Reality or Myth

www.crowdsafety.org

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Panic - Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, o_en causing wildly unthinking behaviour….

Source: Oxford DicKonary

www.crowdsafety.org

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3 - Types of situaFons

  • Tangible
  • Intangible
  • Rumour

www.crowdsafety.org

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Rumour

www.crowdsafety.org

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www.crowdsafety.org

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Think Point…

  • At ground level, crowds

cannot see beyond a few metre’s in front of their posiKon….

www.crowdsafety.org

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www.crowdsafety.org

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Romanian Fire – ColecFv Club

  • 27 plus killed
  • Victor Lonescu, who was at the

club with his girlfriend, painted a graphic picture of the confusion and panic as the fire swept through the building.

  • “People were fainKng from the
  • smoke. It was total chaos,

people were trampling on each

  • ther” he said

www.crowdsafety.org

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EvacuaFon

  • Human Response
  • Peer Pressure
  • Staff Response
  • Performer Response
  • Obstacles
  • Possessions
  • Friends and Family
  • InvacuaFon?????

www.crowdsafety.org

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7/7 Bombings London

  • Many reports of panic

and fear from individuals that were there…

www.crowdsafety.org

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Panic – Was not recorded at these

  • Bradford Fire 1985
  • Kings Cross Fire 1987
  • Hillsborough 1989
  • 911 WTC
  • The problem is people
  • _en not taking the

situaKon as seriously as it actually is…

www.crowdsafety.org

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SoluFons

  • www.crowdsafety.org
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System Wide Approach

  • If safety and success are to

be maximised, the whole system, including individual workers, contractors, technology, audience, processes, designs etc, should be considered as a single system…Hendrick 1997

www.crowdsafety.org

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Emergency Plan & Crowd RA

www.crowdsafety.org

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Roles and ResponsibiliFes

  • Clearly defined roles
  • Staff fully aware of who is

ulFmately responsible

  • OrganisaFon aware of the

ramificaFons of the event going wrong

www.crowdsafety.org

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“What If” Scenarios

The full scope of “what if” scenarios to idenFfy potenFal problems and test out the suitability and sufficiency of the plans in place. A wide range of scenarios should be tested not only for terrorism but also less dramaFc such as trip hazards, boelenecks, technology failiure’s, weather and even natural disaster’s.

www.crowdsafety.org

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Thank you

Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM

www.crowdsafety.org