Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera2ons in Normal and Emergency Condi2ons Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM steve@crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org
Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM 25 Years Crowd and Event Safety Experience ‘ Normal and Emergency’ • Degree Crowd and Safety Management • Chartered Health and Safety Consultant • OccupaFonal Safety and Health Consultants Register – Registered Consultant • Chartered Fire Safety Consultant • Former Royal Navy Fire-Fighter • Former Director of Security and Safety: Oasis, Eminem, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Kasabian, Rolling Stones (UK • Only), BeasKe Boys, Led Zeppelin, Shakira, Stereophonics, Dixie Chicks, Beady Eye Retail Sector, Various Events, Venues, FesFval’s and other Major Events worldwide including Motorsports, • Royal Events, Fireworks and events of significant importance Purple Guide – Acknowledged Contributor • Australian live Performance – Author of the Audience Safety Chapter • Event Working Party for US Technical Standards version of the Purple Guide • Managing Crowds Safely (HSG 154) – Reviewed 2016 for UKCMA • Pioneer of the “ Showstop Procedure” (Globally used now and recognised by HSE) • Guest Speaker and Trainer worldwide on event safety, crowds, human behaviour and fire safety • Fire Risk Assessor for leisure, event and retail industry’s • www.crowdsafety.org
Terrorism Crowded Spaces www.crowdsafety.org
Some Crowd Disasters last 6 years 2016: - 50 – 600 Dead Stampede Ethiopia • 2015: - 2442 Dead & 1028 injured • 2014: - 106 Dead & 262 Injured • 2013: - 470 Dead & 757 injured • www.crowdsafety.org
Why do crowd crushes happen? • We are trying to service more people in less Fme…. • Too many people in too liele space • Boelenecks • Poor Planning • Site Design • InformaFon • Management • Inexperience and lack of competence of organisers assessors • Terrorism www.crowdsafety.org
3 Primary Reasons to prevent • Moral • Legal • Financial www.crowdsafety.org
Manchester United EvacuaFon • The blunder is set to cost United £3 million as it is forced to shell out to disappointed fans. www.crowdsafety.org
The biggest risks of all are…. People!!! www.crowdsafety.org
Crowd Density Presenta2on www.crowdsafety.org
Fluid MoFon When crowds are less • densely packed, less than 4 people/per square meter, they have Kme to make decisions, they do not have involuntary movement as one, almost like a fluid…. . www.crowdsafety.org
Crowd Density ConsideraFons… • Boelenecks • Anthropometry • Most crowd related • Bulky bags issues are based upon • Coats too many people in too • Push chairs/Prams li]le space….. • Wheelchairs • People laying down • Furniture/SeaFng Tables www.crowdsafety.org
Crowd Density • Density can be described as the number of people in a prescribed space. • For example 2 Persons/ per square metre www.crowdsafety.org
AddiFonal Factors www.crowdsafety.org
5 Persons/per square metre www.crowdsafety.org
Individuals Density PercepFon • The relaFonship with the people involved • The duraFon of the experience • The physical context of the experience • The meaning of the experience www.crowdsafety.org
SpaFal and Social Density Spa2al Density Social Density • The same number of people • Occurs when the number of but the space alters… people alters, but the space remains the same…. www.crowdsafety.org
Crowd Density – Social Density www.crowdsafety.org
Crowd Density DemonstraFon www.crowdsafety.org
Male dominated crowds • Male dominated crowds have a greater potenKal to behave in a more aggressive manner in comparison to female dominated crowds with a high proporKon of family groups…. www.crowdsafety.org
Primary Influencer’s • Design – Barrier types, event footprint, site capacity, ingress/egress flow rates, area and density, any delays around the site (toilets/ bars/merchandising/amusements etc) • Informa2on – Advance informaFon, Signage, communicaFon systems, VMS, websites, social media, rumour’s • Management – Processes, planning, communicaFons, protocols, chain of command, briefings, red flag indicators (normal and emergency), competency of planners, assessors and criFcal decision makers… www.crowdsafety.org
InformaFon Delivery www.crowdsafety.org
Egress and Dispersal • The crowd will egress en mass, in normal and emergency condiFons. • Oumlow must not be obstructed and needs sufficient SPACE to prevent any blockages which in turn will increase density and increase the risk and safety consideraFons further. www.crowdsafety.org
Flow Rate Issues • Uni Flow • Bi DirecFonal Flow • MulF Flow • Oumlow www.crowdsafety.org
Crowd Perception of Risk www.crowdsafety.org
The Crowds’ Expectation’s • If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact: – Compliant – Non Compliant www.crowdsafety.org
Bradford Fire Overview (32yrs ago) • May 1985 • Bradford City v Lincoln • 56 Killed • Over 265 Injuries • Fans had to break down locked exits to escape • Many received police commendaFons for bravery www.crowdsafety.org
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Social Media – 15 mins of fame www.crowdsafety.org
Pre - Movement Time 1 The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident… 2 Through to detection 3 Response to the incident 4 Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre- determined) www.crowdsafety.org
Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to • The loss of life • Catastrophic brand damage, • International condemnation • Media onslaught • Loss of Liberty www.crowdsafety.org
Sime’s General Rule 25-50-25 • 25% Move Closer • 50% Stay put • 25% Move to exits www.crowdsafety.org
StaFon Nightclub Fire - 2003 • 100 Died • 232 Injuries • Cause – Indoor Pyro • Flammable Soundproofing • This incident established new standards across the USA www.crowdsafety.org
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Herding Behaviour www.crowdsafety.org
Herding Behaviour in Emergency www.crowdsafety.org
Arching Effect Francisco Enrique • Boelenecks • Arching effect as crowds try to flow through a narrow point www.crowdsafety.org
ConsideraFons • 9 out of 10 people will leave the way they entered • Families and groups will leave together • Children acFviFes should be posiFoned at street level where possible www.crowdsafety.org
Panic - Reality or Myth www.crowdsafety.org
Panic - Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, o_en causing wildly unthinking behaviour…. Source: Oxford DicKonary www.crowdsafety.org
3 - Types of situaFons • Tangible • Intangible • Rumour www.crowdsafety.org
Rumour www.crowdsafety.org
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Think Point… • At ground level, crowds cannot see beyond a few metre’s in front of their posiKon…. www.crowdsafety.org
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Romanian Fire – ColecFv Club • 27 plus killed • Victor Lonescu, who was at the club with his girlfriend, painted a graphic picture of the confusion and panic as the fire swept through the building. • “People were fainKng from the smoke. It was total chaos, people were trampling on each other” he said www.crowdsafety.org
EvacuaFon • Human Response • Peer Pressure • Staff Response • Performer Response • Obstacles • Possessions • Friends and Family • InvacuaFon????? www.crowdsafety.org
7/7 Bombings London • Many reports of panic and fear from individuals that were there… www.crowdsafety.org
Panic – Was not recorded at these • Bradford Fire 1985 • Kings Cross Fire 1987 • Hillsborough 1989 • 911 WTC • The problem is people o_en not taking the situaKon as seriously as it actually is… www.crowdsafety.org
SoluFons • www.crowdsafety.org
System Wide Approach • If safety and success are to be maximised, the whole system, including individual workers, contractors, technology, audience, processes, designs etc, should be considered as a single system… Hendrick 1997 www.crowdsafety.org
Emergency Plan & Crowd RA www.crowdsafety.org
Roles and ResponsibiliFes • Clearly defined roles • Staff fully aware of who is ulFmately responsible • OrganisaFon aware of the ramificaFons of the event going wrong www.crowdsafety.org
“What If” Scenarios The full scope of “what if” scenarios to idenFfy potenFal problems and test out the suitability and sufficiency of the plans in place. A wide range of scenarios should be tested not only for terrorism but also less dramaFc such as trip hazards, boelenecks, technology failiure’s, weather and even natural disaster’s. www.crowdsafety.org
Thank you Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM www.crowdsafety.org
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