How’s Life? 2015 Measuring well-being 14 October 2015
The OECD well-being framework • People rather than economic system or GDP • Outcomes rather than inputs and outputs Both averages and • inequalities Both objective and • subjective aspects • Both today and tomorrow 36 countries • OECD • Brazil • Russia Source: OECD (2011) How’s Life? Measuring Well -Being, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264121164-en
Inside the 2015 edition How’s Life? in figures: an update on well-being, and changes since 2009 Resources for future well-being How’s life for children? The value of giving: Volunteering and well-being Going local: Measuring well-being in regions
Are lives getting better? The OECD picture since 2009 is mixed… • OECD average household income increased by 1.9% cumulatively between 2009- 2013. However, one third of countries experienced a fall over this period • Long-term unemployment in 2014 remains higher than in 2009 for two thirds of OECD countries • Housing has become less affordable in over one third of OECD countries. However, access to basic sanitation has improved • 1 in 8 employees in the OECD routinely work very long hours (50 or more per week). This has gone up slightly since 2009 • Voter turnout has declined in two thirds of OECD countries, when compared to 2007 levels Almost all countries have experienced further gains in upper secondary educational attainment rates since 2009 • Life expectancy now exceeds 80 years in more than two-thirds of OECD countries, and average life expectancy has increased by 9 months since 2009
How’s life in the United States? (relative to other OECD countries) This chart shows areas of well-being strengths and weaknesses in the United States, based on a ranking of all OECD countries. Longer lines show areas of relative strength, while shorter lines show areas of relative weakness. For more details, please visit: www.oecd.org/statistics/Hows-Life-2015-country-notes-data.xlsx
How’s life for children in the United States? How’s Life? 2015 includes a focus on child well-being for the first time Measures follow the OECD framework for measuring well- being, but adopt a child-centred perspective Various data sources are used, but most countries have some data gaps
In the OECD, not all children are getting a good start in life • 1 in 10 children in the OECD live in homes where no adult has a job • 1 in 10 children report being bullied at least twice in the past 2 months in OECD countries • 1 in 7 children live in income poverty, and this has risen since 2007 in more than two thirds of OECD countries Child poverty rate 2011 2007 30 Percentage of children aged 0-17 living in households whose disposable income is below 50% of the median 25 20 15 10 5 0 Note : The latest available year is 2012 for Australia, Hungary, Mexico and the Netherlands; 2010 for Belgium and 2009 for Japan. Source : OECD Income Distribution Database, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/459aa7f1-en
Comparative performance on child well-being in the OECD 90% Share of child well-being indicators where a country is among NLD 80% 70% CHE the top third performers 60% DNK NOR DEU SWE CZE SVN 50% ISL ESP 40% FIN FRA AUT EST ITA LUX GRC 30% TUR POL SVK GBR HUN 20% IRL CAN PRT 10% USA BEL 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Share of child well-being indicators where a country is among the bottom third perfomers
Children pay a high price for inequalities among adults On average, children from less affluent …and are more likely to suffer from families find it harder to talk to their obesity parents… Obesity Teenagers who find it easy to talk to (girls and boys, aged 11, 13 and 15. at least one of their parents 14% 14 90% 87% 12 84% 85% 10 83% 8 83% 82% 80% 6 4% 7% 2% 4 75% 2 74% 2% 3% 0 70% United States OECD Poland United States OECD Italy High socio-economic status Low socio-economic status National average
Parental time with children differs widely across countries Physical care, supervision (mothers) Teaching, reading, playing with child (mothers) Physical care, supervision (fathers) Teaching, reading, playing with child (fathers) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Time (in minutes) is reported through time-use diaries, and refers to primary activities. Physical care includes childcare and child supervision, as well as (in most countries) time spent transporting children. In Ireland and Korea, physical care does not include time spent on transporting children.
Volunteering can offer win-wins for well-being • 1 in 3 people of working age volunteer through an organisation at least once a year in OECD countries … ranging from 18% in Spain and the Czech Republic, to 55% in the United States and Norway • The value of the time people spend on volunteering amounts to around 2% of GDP on average in the OECD • Volunteers have higher skills and earn around 14% more than non-volunteers • Volunteers tend to be healthier and more satisfied with their lives than non-volunteers • Time-use data from the United States suggests that on days when people volunteer, they gain an extra hour of happiness
Volunteering in the OECD is not inclusive Percentage of the working-age population reporting that they volunteered through an organisation during the past 12 months 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Primary Tertiary Unemployed Full-time Lower Middle Higher employed Employment status Education level Household income OECD average
Where you live affects your opportunities to live well … and differences within countries can be larger than differences between them
How’s Life? 2015 also makes a start at monitoring resources for future well-being …
What can be said so far? Natural capital • OECD per capita emissions of greenhouse gases have decreased since 2000, but global atmospheric concentrations continue to rise • Forest area per capita has decreased 7% in the OECD area since 2000, in the context of large worldwide net losses • Biodiversity is often at risk: the proportion of threatened mammals, plants and birds (as a share of all known species) exceeds 20% in around one third of OECD countries Human capital • The share of 25-34 year olds completing upper secondary education has increased by 8 percentage points since 2000 in the OECD • In terms of risks to future health , smoking has declined since 2000, with 18.5% of OECD residents reporting that they smoke every day in 2012, down from 23.8% in 2000. • However, obesity is on the rise, with 21.8% of the OECD population now considered obese (up from 17.8% in 2000) • The sharp increase in long-term unemployment during the Great Recession also puts human capital at risk – particularly where much of the burden falls on young people
Resources for future well-being Social capital • Trust in other people is highest in Denmark, Finland and Norway, and lowest in France, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary and Portugal (European data only) • For the average European OECD country, trust in the police is higher than trust in the legal system, and trust in the political system is the lowest of all 3 institutions • Trust, voting, and volunteering are lower among more disadvantaged groups Economic capital • Household debt (as a % of disposable income) is higher now than in 2000 in almost all OECD countries. In around half, it has increased further since the start of the crisis • Gross fixed capital formation in the OECD remains sluggish, following a very sharp decrease in 2009 • Between 2000 and 2013, most OECD countries saw a reduction in the financial net worth of government as a % of GDP
Read How’s Life? 2015 and our country snapshots free online at: www.oecd.org/howslife THANK YOU! For any questions, please contact wellbeing@oecd.org www.oecd.org/measuringprogress www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org
Goal 1: End poverty Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education Goal 5: Achieve gender equity Goal 6: Ensure availability … of water for all Goal 7: Ensure access to… modern energy for all Goal 8: Promote… economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure… and foster innovation Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and between countries Goal 11: Make … human settlements inclusive, safe… Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans… Goal 15: …promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation…
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