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6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Household Water Supply Technologies for Increasing Access to Domestic Water Supplies in Rural Bolivia

Michael F. MacCarthy Doctoral Student mmaccarthy@mail.usf.edu James W. Buckingham Doctoral Student James R. Mihelcic, PhD Professor jm41@eng.usf.edu University of South Florida

• Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering

Tampa, Florida, USA

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Overview

• 1. Bolivian Context
• 2. Household Technologies Assessed

a. EMAS Pumps b. Manually Drilled Wells c. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS)

• 3. Research Methodology
• 4. Preliminary Results
• 5. Conclusions, Recommendations for

Future Study

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Bolivia

• Population est.: 10 million
• 108th out of 187 countries

(HDI), 2011 Human Development Report

Rural Water Supply

• 67% est. have access to improved drinking water source [42% in 1990)

(JMP, 2010)

• SENASBA – national agency responsible for rural water and sanitation
• Significant history of low-cost water supply technologies (hand augering, EMAS,

Baptist drilling, Rope Pumps, etc.)

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

EMAS Pump

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Percussion-Jetting Drilling

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

RWHS

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Research Methodology

• Regions: La Paz, Santa

Cruz, Beni

• Participation in month-long

training (March-April 2011) Field data collection (June 2011)

• Household Visits

– Survey (WASH) – Inspection/Observation

• Semi-structured interviews

– Technicians – WASH actors

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Data Collection

Department Sites

• No. of household visits (including

survey and water infrastructure inspection)

• No. of semi-

structured interviews Santa Cruz Santa Cruz (city), Izozog, Gutierrez, San Julian 36 3 Beni Trinidad, Somopai, Reyes 35 6 La Paz La Paz (city), Cachilaya, Pampa Chililaya, Huarina, Taquina 15 6 TOTAL 86 15

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Results

EMAS Pumps

• nearly all were operational (78 out of 79)
• 85% of operational pumps functioning normally (66 / 78)

*including 72% (13 out of 18) that were installed 10+ years ago

• for pumps not functioning normally, issues were:
• significant leaking in headworks
• below ground issues, e.g. leaking from pipes or valves (not direction
• bserved
• most common repair was pump valve replacement
• new pump valve typically cost US$9 (mat‟ls + labour)
• new complete pump, US$30-45 (not including well, drilling)

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Results

Drilling

• in research areas of Santa Cruz + Beni departments, EMAS manual

drilling techniques are used widely by small businesses

• a few „2nd generation‟ drilling teams were encountered

RWHS

• popular in Cachilaya, but not in other areas of Bolivia
• users appreciated systems, which were generally well maintained

General

• various levels of subsidies encountered, including some household

systems that received no subsidies at all

• a small number of surveyed families (7%) reported receiving loans to

pay for their systems

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Preliminary Conclusions

• EMAS manual water pumps and drilled wells are

sustainable household water supply option, and have had a significant impact on improving access to water supply at the household level in the studied rural areas of Bolivia

• low maintenance costs
• Given willingness to pay for systems, microfinance

possibilities should be explored

• RWHS shows potential, needs more extensive promotion

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Recommendations for Further Study

• How to effectively scale-up the implementation of

low-cost EMAS household water supply technologies within Bolivia (planned)

• Comparative Analysis of EMAS Pump with other

low-cost pumps (planned)

• Evaluation of new project in Cachilaya (near

EMAS centre) building RWHS

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Acknowledgments

• Support from the State of Florida 21st Century World Class

Scholar Program

• Support from the National Science Foundation (USA)*
• EMAS-Bolivia
• Wolfgang Eloy Buchner
• SENASBA-Bolivia
• Ing. Lorena Ferreyra Villalpando
• Study Participants

*This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under the “Sustainable Water

Management Research Experience in Bolivia: Influence of a Dynamic World on Technological and Societal Solutions” program (Grant No. OISE-0966410) and the “Graduate Scholarships to Achieve Sustainable Infrastructure at the Water-Energy-Global Nexus” program (Grant No. OISE-0965743). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Contacts

Related to the presented research: Michael F. MacCarthy Doctoral Student and Graduate Research Associate University of South Florida, Tampa mmaccarthy@mail.usf.edu Specific to EMAS technologies: Wolfgang Eloy Buchner EMAS, Bolivia emas@entelnet.bo EMAS training videos on-line: vimeo.com/channel/emas

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Bolivian Government (2009) Constitución Política del Estado, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Buchner, W. (2011) EMAS Bolivia, Personal conversation, Puerto Perez, Bolivia, March 2011. Buchner, W. (2006) Water For Everybody: A Selection of Appropriate Technologies to be used for Drinkable Water. 5th Edition. EMAS. CIA (2011) The World Factbook, US Central Intelligence Agency, Available on the World Wide Web on https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html Danert, K. (2009) Hand Drilling Directory. Rural Water Supply Network Field Note No. 2010-4, Available on http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-11-17.8949250582/file JMP (2010) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: Country Estimates for 1990, 2000, and 2008, UNICEF, Available on http://www.childinfo.org/files/WatSan_Tables_2010.pdf JMP (2011) WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Available on http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ Mihelcic, J.R., L.M. Fry, E.A. Myre, L.D. Phillips, B.D. Barkdoll (2009) Field Guide in Environmental Engineering for Development Workers: Water, Sanitation, Indoor Air, ASCE Press, Reston, VA. Procedamo (2004) Alternativas Tecnologicas de acceso al agua y saneamiento: Aprender Haciendo. El Salvador. SENASBA (2011) Servicio Nacional Para la Sostenibilidad de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Basico, Available on http://senasba.gob.bo/index.php?option=com_content&task-view&id-65&Itemid=120 Tapia-Reed, D. (2008) “Perforación Manual de Pozos Profundos usando el método EMAS-AYNI” University Thesis. Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile. December 2008. UNDP (2010) Human Development Report 2010, 20th Anniversary Edition - The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Development, UNDP, Available on http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf