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Homeostatic Disruptions and the Immune System Disruptions to Dynamic Homeostasis Disruptions at the molecular and cellular level affect the health of the organism = death and disease Examples include: Dehydration Pathogens

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  1. Homeostatic Disruptions and the Immune System

  2. Disruptions to Dynamic Homeostasis • Disruptions at the molecular and cellular level affect the health of the organism = death and disease Examples include: – Dehydration – Pathogens – Toxins – Allergens

  3. Pathogens • Infectious agent that causes disease • Microorganisms (bacteria, parasites, fungi) and viruses

  4. Toxins • Biologically produced poison Examples include: - bee stings - black widow spiders - botulinum toxin

  5. Allergens • Any substance (antigen) that causes an allergic reaction (hypersensitive immune response) Common allergens: - pollen - pet dander - antibiotics - foods - insect stings

  6. Defense Mechanisms

  7. Animal Nonspecific Defenses (Innate Immunity) • Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, stomach acids, enzymes, “good” bacteria) • Inflammation and swelling (mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils)

  8. Plant Nonspecific Defenses • Plants have molecular recognition systems that trigger systemic responses • Infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, results in a localizing effect Example: Hypersensitive Response in Plants

  9. Vertebrate Specific Defenses (Acquired or Adaptive Immunity) • Develops only after exposure to a pathogen • Involves an antigen-antibody interaction • Two types of specific immune responses: 1. Humoral Response 2. Cell-Mediated Response

  10. Very Important Cells • Phagocytic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells) • Natural Killer Cells • B cells • Helper T cells • Cytotoxic T cells

  11. Macrophage • Responsible for nonspecific and specific defenses • Engulfs and digests any foreign debris that does not match the healthy cells of the body (bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, “marked” cells)

  12. Natural Killer Cells – Born to Kill! • Do not require activation • Detect abnormal surface proteins of virus- infected cells and cancer cells • Cause cell death (do not engulf cells)

  13. B cells and T cells (lymphocytes)

  14. B cells • Plasma B cells (effector cells) produce antibodies

  15. T Cells • Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells (effector cells)

  16. B Cell and T Cell Antigen Receptors • ~100,000 antigen receptors per cell

  17. Antigen-Antibody Interaction

  18. Antigen-Antibody Interaction • Antigen: any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies (“antibody - generating”) • Antibodies: Y-shaped proteins that are produced by B cells , identify and neutralize pathogens (antigens), specific shapes to antigens

  19. Humoral Versus Cell-Mediated Response

  20. Humoral Response

  21. Humoral Response • Defends against pathogens in the body fluids (blood, lymph, interstitial fluids) • Involves B cells • B cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens

  22. Humoral Response (Primary)

  23. Humoral Response (Secondary)

  24. What do antibodies do?

  25. Primary and Secondary Immune Response

  26. Cell-Mediated Response

  27. Cell-Mediated Response • Attack body cells that have been infected with pathogens • Involves T cells (Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells) and B cells

  28. Cell-Mediated Response

  29. T Cells

  30. Helper T Cells Three ways to “help” the immune response: • Stimulate B cells to produce more antibodies to the specific antigen • Activate and increase the number of macrophages • Activate cytotoxic (killer) T cells for the cell mediated response

  31. Helper T Cells

  32. Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cells • Target and destroy cells infected with pathogens

  33. MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

  34. CD4 • Accessory protein that helps to bind the helper T cell to “presented” antigen on the surface of the macrophage

  35. HIV and Helper T Cells

  36. Dengue Virus Life Cycle Malaria: Human Host Cloning an Army of T Cells

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