History of Computing 1 A mobile phone can scan and solve a Sudoku - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

History of Computing

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A mobile phone can scan and solve a Sudoku puzzle in seconds.

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I can play music, at no cost, over the internet. I don’t know where in the world the music is coming from.



This PC can play HD videos. It has to process 1920 pixels (dots) on each of 1080 lines. Each pixel can be any one of about 250,000 colours. And it has to do this at least 25 times per

• second. That is up to12,000,000,000,000 possible combinations a second.

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The disc drive on this laptop can store more than 700,000 books, or 250 HD videos. This disc is relatively small by current standards.

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I can have “phone” or video conversations with anyone in the world, at no cost, over the internet (once I have paid for a broadband connection)

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I can email anyone in the world, at no cost (once I have broadband and the computer).

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I can store documents and photos on the internet, somewhere, at no cost.

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I can search for and find a huge amount of free information. And free software,

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Soon, mobile phones will be used instead of cash and cheques to make payments.

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This PC cost half the amount in £s of a new Commodore PET in the 1970s. The performance of this PC is around 10,000,000 times greater.

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Moore’s Law

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

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 Digital computing – 1s and 0s – binary!  A sequence of arithmetic or logical operations

which can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem

 A series of instructions that act upon data not

known in full until the programme is run.

 Turing machine  Van Neuman machine

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 Numbers  – binary notation (17th/18th centuries)  Calculators and early computers  – algorithm (800 AD);  - Napier develops logarithms (17th century)  - Pascal’s mechanical adding machine (1642)  - Jacquard loom controlled by punched card (1801)  - The first mass produced mechanical calculator (1820s)  - Babbage (and Ada Lovelace)  - The Analytical engine had many properties of a modern

computer, including memory and storage (1820s- 1840s)

 - His machines could be reprogrammed to solve new problems  - Ada Lovelace assisted in creating a recursive (looping)

calculation (see definition of Computing) (1843)

 100 years ahead of his time....

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Data encoding on punched cards (1890)

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Telegraphy

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• early experimental wired transmission over a few metres(1810)

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• first regularly used electrical telegraph (a few kilometres) ( 1833)

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• Samuel Morse initial patent (1837)

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• first commercial telegraph, Paddington to West Drayton (1839)

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• first transmission of basic images (like a fax) (1843)

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• basic images transmitted between Paris and Lyon (1855)

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• Morse telegraph system deployed coast to coast in the USA (1861)

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• First successful transatlantic cable (1866)

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• Telegraph lines from Britain to India (1870)

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• First wireless transmission of Morse code (25 metres) (1895)

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• Marconi transmitted over 6 kilometres (1896)

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• Marconi transmits the letter S by Morse code across the Atlantic (1901)

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Telephony

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• Bell’s first patent – 1876

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 Thermionic valves (vacuum tubes)  - early experiments 1870  - usable “valves” – early 1900s  - amplifiers - around 1905  ..... Which enabled........  Long distance telephone transmission  - first coast to coast call across the USA (1915)  Radio  - first commercial broadcasts 1920s  Display technology  - The Cathode Ray tube invented in 1887  - First display of geometric shapes 1907  - Commercial products 1922  - Baird’s first TV demonstration (1925)  - First regular television service (1936)

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 1931/2 – valve-based binary calculator developed at

Manchester University

 1935 – IBM punched card and relay calculator which

can complete a multiplication in 1 second.

 1937 – Turing Machine defined  1938 – Polish team develop the “bombe” to be used

in breaking the Enigma code

 1938 – Zuse develops a programmable binary

calculator, which uses punched tape and relays

 1939 – 25 bit binary addition using vacuum tubes  1939 – relay-based calculator developed at Bell Labs  1939 - War beaks out, and the pace of development

accelerates, primarily for encryption and code breaking

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 In its simplest form, a Turing machine is

composed of a "tape", a ribbon of paper of indefinite length. There is a "head" that can read the symbol, choose to write a new symbol in it’s place, and then move left or right.

 The new symbol can define the next

• peration

 The output of one operation modifies the

next – it is “programmable”

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine

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 'I think there is a world market for maybe five

computers'

 Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943  Ooops.  About 3 billion – 3,000,000,000 - PCs have

been manufactured to date, and 1.2 billion mobile phones were produced in 2010 alone.

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 1940 - Turing and others refine the “bombes”  1941 – capacitive drum storage first used  1941 – Zuse builds the first operational programmable

calculator capable of floating-point calculations. It used 3000 relays and is the size of a room.

 1943 – similar electromechanical machine developed at

• Harvard. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons and has 750,000

parts

 1943 – the Bletchley team (Tommy Flowers in charge) build

• Colossus. It uses 2400 vacuum tubes and can carry out

5000 calculations a second

 1943 – development of ENIAC (to calculate shell

trajectories) begins in the USA

 1945 – Von Neumann’s initial paper on the concept of

stored-programme computers

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 A model for a computing machine that uses a

single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation.

 John von Neumann helped to create the model as

an example of a general-purpose computing

• machine. By treating the instructions in the same

way as the data, the machine could easily change the instructions. In other words the machine was

• reprogrammable. He had read and admired

Turing’s work!

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture

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November 1945 –ENIAC completed, too late for the war. But it worked. It used 17,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 30 tons and consumed 150kw of electrical power. It can complete a multiplication in 3ms.

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1947 – Harvard Mark2, a huge mechanical calculator using 13,000 relays

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1947 – a moth flies into the Harvard Mk2. A technician notes “the first actual case of a bug being found”

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1947 – CRT-based memory developed at Manchester University

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1947 – patent application for magnetic core memory

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1947 – semiconductor effect noted at Bell Labs

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1948 – the world’s first true stored programme computer prototype at Manchester University

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1949 – IBM punched card and vacuum tube programmable calculator

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1949 – EDSAC computer produced at Cambridge University with funding from J. Lyons. This is the first full-scale stored-programme computer

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1949 – the first patent application for a simple Integrated Circuit (this was theoretical)

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 'While a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped

with 10000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers of the future may have only 1000 vacuum tubes and weigh only 1.5 tons.' Popular mechanics, 1949

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This laptop is fairly heavy. It weighs about 2kg.

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It has more than 100,000,000,000 transistors in its various integrated circuits.

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 1950 - ACE (based on Turing designs) produced at the

NPL Teddington

 1950 – first use of Germanium diodes in a computer

developed for the USA Bureau of Standards

 1951 – LEO, the first commercial computer (based on

EDSAC), is operation at J. Lyons. It is used for payroll, stock and production inventories.

 1952 – Geoffrey Dummer, at the Royal Radar

Establishment, produces a paper on, and attempts to build, integrated circuits

 1954 – the first commercial transistor produced by Texas

instruments

 1958 – working prototype integrated circuit at Texas

• Instruments. The inventor, Jack Kilby, later won the Nobel

Prize for Physics for this invention

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 'I have travelled the length and breadth of

this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won't last out the year'

 Editor in charge of business books for

Prentice Hall, 1957

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 1970s – a few thousand transistors on a chip  1974 – 10,000 transistors  1980 – 100,000 transistors  2005 – 1 billion (1,000,000,000) transistors  2012 – tens of billions................

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 'But what... is it good for?'  Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems

division of IBM, commenting on the microchip, 1968

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 A technical demonstration in1968 gave a

preview of what would become the staples of computing life in the 21st century - e-mail, hypertext, word processing, video conferencing, and the mouse. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time.

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 Can only count to 1  But can do this about 3,000,000,000 times a

second

 Manufacturing sizes are tiny  2002 – memory cell size 130 nanometres (nm)

(less than one seventh of a millionth of a metre)

 2006 – 65 nm  2008 – 45nm  2010 – 32nm  2012 – 22nm devices just released by Intel  The width of 2500 memory cells laid side by side

is.... about the same as a human hair.

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 'There is no reason why anyone would want a

computer in the home'

 Ken Olson, Present, Chairman and founder of

Digital Equipment Corporation, 1977

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 1975 – first desktop machines  1976 – Apple 1  1977 – Commodore PET  1979 – First mobile phone network  1981 – IBM PC  1982 – first laptop  1992 – first smartphone  2007 – iPhone  2010 – iPad

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 '640K (of memory) should be enough for

anybody'

 Bill Gates, Microsoft founder, 1981

 Very funny.  I had to buy a new laptop as 2,000,000k of memory isn’t

enough to drive presentations like this. Using Microsoft software as well, Mr Gates......

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 Still just 1 and 0  But much faster  Many different processors in a PC, for specific

tasks

 32 and 64 bit processing – can handle

multiple parallel memory operations at clock speeds greater than 1,000,000,000 cycles per second

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 Disc drives – more than 2 million million

bytes (1 byte = 1 character, a, b, c, etc.) per drive

 Potentially many drives per computer  Solid-state memory increasingly used for

storage instead of discs – no moving parts

 High-reliability RAID technology for disc

systems

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 Huge volumes of data at the speed of light  One optical fibre = 20 gigabytes per second  Millions of simultaneous voice calls  Hundreds of fibres in a bundle  Voice and data combined  Automatic routing of data, error management,

retries

 Worldwide fibre optic and satellite network  Broadband equipment in telephone exchanges

then transmits down the phone line to your home

 Or a fibre optic cable runs past your house (if you

are lucky!)

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 Many different programming languages  Some are basically “real language” not

technical

 Compilers and interpreters – take the

programmes and convert them into “low level” code, eventually the 1s and 0s that the computer understands.

 Web site development is now part technical

but content management is now mainly non- technical

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 Computers are so powerful that many applications

can run on one server. “Virtual Computers”

 High reliability, no single point of failure  Power – dual supplies, battery backed, standby

generators

 Multiple-path networks  Automatic server failover  “Shadowed” discs (RAID technology again),

sometimes 3 or 4 copies of data

 Disaster recovery – data copied to second data centre  Automatic backups  “Hot swap” hardware  “On demand” computing

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 Many applications now “in the internet”

somewhere

 Email  Calendars  Documents  Music  Videos and films  Applications  Phone and video calls  Social networking – Facebook, Twitter.......  HUGE amounts of information  Lots of dodgy stuff too............

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

A mobile phone can scan and solve a Sudoku puzzle in seconds.



I can play music, at no cost, over the internet. I don’t know where in the world the music is coming from.



This PC can play HD videos. It has to process 1920 pixels (dots) on each of 1080

• lines. Each pixel can be any one of about 250,000 colours. And it has to do this at

least 25 times per second. That is up to12,000,000,000,000 combinations a second.



The disc drive on this laptop can store more than 700,000 books, or 250 HD

• videos. This disc is relatively small by current standards.



I can have “phone” or video conversations with anyone in the world, at no cost,

• ver the internet.



I can email anyone in the world, at no cost.



I can store documents and photos on the internet, somewhere, at no cost.



I can search for and find a huge amount of free information. And free software,



Soon, mobile phones will be used instead of cash and cheques to make payments.



This PC cost half the amount in £s of a new Commodore PET in the 1970s. The performance of this PC is around 10,000,000 times greater.

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 Higher chip density, more transistors, smaller size  More processor cores per package  Higher memory capacity per £  Eventually the wavelength of light and atomic particle

size will become limiting factors

 Maybe 8-10 years away? Or 100s??  Moore’s Law again  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

Quantum computing – seriously weird science...... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement

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 Any more questions?

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