Higher Education Education Information Information Higher Systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• Dr. Edgar Frackmann
• Dr. Edgar Frackmann

Zagreb, Zagreb, June June 2007 2007

The The Idea Idea: :

• Present

Present the the German German Higher Higher Education Education System: ICE and System: ICE and its its applications applications in in Germany Germany

• Inform

Inform about about the the context context of German

• f German

Higher Higher Education Education Information Systems, Information Systems, past past and and present present

• Discuss

Discuss Sucesses Sucesses and and Failures Failures

Hypothesis Hypothesis: :

• What

What in in the the bigger bigger federal federal system system in Germany in Germany is is undertaken undertaken by by many many organizational

• rganizational units

units and and actors actors might might be be implemented implemented in in Croatia Croatia via via the the „ „multi multi-

• functionality

functionality“ “ of

• f fewer

fewer organizational

• rganizational units

units: : Role Role of

• f

Councils Councils and AZVO and AZVO

• Information on

Information on Higher Higher education education might might be be served served in in the the bigger bigger German System German System by by a a number number of Information

• f Information

Systems Systems while while in in Croatia Croatia one

• ne might

might decide decide to to have have fewer fewer „ „multi multi-

• purpose

purpose“ “ information information systems systems, , i.e i.e. . integrate integrate functions functions: : Role Role of MOZVAG

• f MOZVAG

German German Higher Higher Education Education System System

• Universitaeten

Universitaeten ( (Universities Universities) (103) ) (103)

• Fachhochschulen

Fachhochschulen ( (Universities Universities of

• f Applied

Applied Science Science) (206) ) (206)

• Kunst

Kunst-

• und

und Musikhochschulen Musikhochschulen ( (Colleges Colleges of

• f

Art Art/ / Music Music) (53) ) (53)

• Together

Together: 383 : 383 Institutions Institutions

Higher Higher Education Education Institutions Institutions

Hochschulen 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 1) Hochschularten Hochschulen insgesamt 372 376 383 Universitäten 102 102 103 Pädagogische Hochschulen 6 6 6 Theologische Hochschulen 15 15 15 Kunsthochschulen 52 53 53 Fachhochschulen 167 170 176 Verwaltungsfachhochschulen 30 30 30

1) Vorläufiges Ergebnis

Aktualisiert am 08. März 2007

Institutions Institutions, , Programs Programs and and Degrees Degrees

Students Students

Number of students (at) 1) 2) Total Universities 2) Colleges of art and music Specialised colleges of higher education (Fachhochschulen 3) number Year/month/reference day winter term 2006/2007 4)

Baden-Württemberg 244,927 165,279 4,223 75,425 Bayern 257,898 180,268 3,297 74,333 Berlin 130,953 95,477 4,985 30,491 Brandenburg 42,331 27,601 648 14,082 Bremen 30,258 19,112 816 10,33 Hamburg 71,104 48,472 1,463 21,169 Hessen 163,536 109,672 1,382 52,482 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 34,527 24,29 493 9,744 Niedersachsen 146,827 102,856 2,605 41,366 Nordrhein-Westfalen 476,409 346,898 5,017 124,494 Rheinland-Pfalz 103,019 70,705 32,314 Saarland 19,78 14,864 633 4,283 Sachsen 105,685 74,254 2,822 28,609 Sachsen-Anhalt 51,064 30,141 1,071 19,852 Schleswig-Holstein 46,917 28,304 1,056 17,557 Thüringen 49,697 34,7 816 14,181 Deutschland 1,974,932 1,372,893 31,327

Regional breakdown

570,712

Characteristics and Traditions of the German Characteristics and Traditions of the German Higher Education System Higher Education System

• Federal System: Responsibility of the State

Federal System: Responsibility of the State

• Research University Tradition

Research University Tradition

• Weak Institution/Organisation as a whole

Weak Institution/Organisation as a whole

• Strong role of the government

Strong role of the government

• Attention to educational services of higher education?

Attention to educational services of higher education?

• Government responsibility for quality? Quality or

Government responsibility for quality? Quality or equality? equality?

• Problems: Duration of studies, drop

Problems: Duration of studies, drop-

• out rate,
• ut rate,

professional/vocational qualification of graduates? professional/vocational qualification of graduates?

• Process

Process of

• f changing

changing the the steering steering model model in in higher higher education education: : towards towards more more autonomous autonomous, , competitive competitive responsible responsible HEIs HEIs as a as a whole whole

Changing the Steering System for Higher Changing the Steering System for Higher Education Education

• Financing, Accounting

Financing, Accounting

• Legal Form

Legal Form

• Selection of Students, tuition fees

Selection of Students, tuition fees

• Management Structure

Management Structure

• Evaluation, Evaluation Agencies, not only education

Evaluation, Evaluation Agencies, not only education related related

• Competition, Institution as a whole, international

Competition, Institution as a whole, international competitiveness, Exzellenzinitiative competitiveness, Exzellenzinitiative, , Inititiative Inititiative for for teaching teaching and and educational educational excellence excellence

The The Actors Actors in German in German Higher Education Higher Education, , especially especially with with regards regards to Information Systems to Information Systems

• State Ministr

State Ministries ies of Science

• f Science and

and Education Education

• Federal Ministry of Education

Federal Ministry of Education

• KMK (Standing Conference of Ministries of Science and Education)

KMK (Standing Conference of Ministries of Science and Education)

• Wissenschaftsrat (Science Council)

Wissenschaftsrat (Science Council)

• Akkreditierungsrat (Central

Akkreditierungsrat (Central Accrediting Accrediting Unit) Unit)

• Accrediting

Accrediting Agencies Agencies

• HRK (Rectors Conference)

HRK (Rectors Conference)

• HIS Hochschul

HIS Hochschul-

• Informations

Informations-

• System (Research on

System (Research on Higher Higher Education Education and Information Services, and Information Services, e.g e.g. . Development Development of MIS

• f MIS for

for HEIs HEIs and and Information Systems Information Systems for for system system level level) )

• CHE (

CHE (Consulting Consulting of

• f Higher

Higher Education Education, Rankings) , Rankings)

• State and National

State and National Statistics Statistics Offices Offices with with Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics Committee Committee (Ausschuss (Ausschuss fuer fuer Hochschulstatistik) Hochschulstatistik)

Wissenschaftsrat (Science Council) Wissenschaftsrat (Science Council)

• Advisory Body for Science and Higher Education Policy

Advisory Body for Science and Higher Education Policy (founded 1957) (founded 1957)

• All questions of development of science and higher

All questions of development of science and higher education system education system

• Evaluation and recommendations

Evaluation and recommendations, also in , also in the the context context of

• f

planning planning/ / investment investment decisions decisions

• Institutional Evaluations (e.g. Role in German Re

Institutional Evaluations (e.g. Role in German Re-

• Unification)

Unification)

• Accreditation of non

Accreditation of non-

• government (private) higher

government (private) higher education institutions (since 2001) education institutions (since 2001)

Wissenschaftsrat: Scientific Community and Wissenschaftsrat: Scientific Community and Governments Governments

• Vollversammlung (General Assembly)

Vollversammlung (General Assembly)

• Wissenschaftliche Kommission (Scientific Committee:

Wissenschaftliche Kommission (Scientific Committee: Scientists and Layperson) Scientists and Layperson)

• Verwaltungskommission (Administration Committee:

Verwaltungskommission (Administration Committee: Science Ministries) Science Ministries)

• Geschaeftsstelle (Secretariate)

Geschaeftsstelle (Secretariate)

Accreditation System: Cental Framework Accreditation System: Cental Framework Regulations, Decentralized accreditation Regulations, Decentralized accreditation

• Governments (KMK): Laendergemeinsame Strukturvorgaben

Governments (KMK): Laendergemeinsame Strukturvorgaben (General Structure of Bachelor and Master Programmes) (General Structure of Bachelor and Master Programmes)

• Akkreditierungsrat: 1. Kritierien zur Akkreditierung von

Akkreditierungsrat: 1. Kritierien zur Akkreditierung von Studiengaengen (Criteria for Accreditation of Study Programmes); Studiengaengen (Criteria for Accreditation of Study Programmes); 2. 2. Accreditation of Accreditation Agencies, Contracts with Agencies Accreditation of Accreditation Agencies, Contracts with Agencies

• Accreditation Agencies: Accreditation through Peer Review,

Accreditation Agencies: Accreditation through Peer Review, Using/awarding the official Using/awarding the official “ “seal seal” ” of the Akkreditierungsrat,

• f the Akkreditierungsrat,

Accreditation Decision made by SAK (Standing Accreditation Accreditation Decision made by SAK (Standing Accreditation Commission of the respective Agency) Commission of the respective Agency)

Accreditation System: Organization Accreditation System: Organization

• Akkreditierungsrat: Stiftung zur Akkreditierung von Studiengaeng

Akkreditierungsrat: Stiftung zur Akkreditierung von Studiengaengen in en in Deutschland Deutschland

• Agencies (some general, some subject specific):

Agencies (some general, some subject specific):

– – AQAS: Agentur fuer Qualitaetssicherung durch Akkreditierung von AQAS: Agentur fuer Qualitaetssicherung durch Akkreditierung von Studiengaengen Studiengaengen – – ASIIN: Akkreditierungsagentur fuer Studiengaenge der Ingenieurwi ASIIN: Akkreditierungsagentur fuer Studiengaenge der Ingenieurwissenschaften, ssenschaften, der Inforamtik, der Naturwissenschaften und der Mathematik der Inforamtik, der Naturwissenschaften und der Mathematik – – AHPGS: Akkreditierungsagentur fuer Studiengaenge im Bereich Heil AHPGS: Akkreditierungsagentur fuer Studiengaenge im Bereich Heilpaedagogik, paedagogik, Pflege, Gesundheit und Soziale Arbeit e.V. Pflege, Gesundheit und Soziale Arbeit e.V. – – ACQUIN: Akkreditierungs ACQUIN: Akkreditierungs-

• , Certifizierungs

, Certifizierungs-

• und Qualitaetssicherungs

und Qualitaetssicherungs-

• Institut

Institut – – FIBAA: Foundation for International Business Administration Accr FIBAA: Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation editation – – ZEvA: Zentrale Evaluations ZEvA: Zentrale Evaluations-

• und Akkreditierungsagentur Hannover

und Akkreditierungsagentur Hannover

• Competition between Agencies (?)

Competition between Agencies (?)

Akkreditierungsrat Akkreditierungsrat

• Legal form: Foundation under public law

Legal form: Foundation under public law

• Members:

Members:

– – 4 from Higher Education Institutions 4 from Higher Education Institutions – – 4 from State Governments 4 from State Governments – – 5 from the empoloyment system 5 from the empoloyment system – – 2 Students 2 Students – – 2 foreign members with extensive experience with accreditation 2 foreign members with extensive experience with accreditation – – 1 representative of the Agencies (non voting) 1 representative of the Agencies (non voting)

• Financing: By the State Governments

Financing: By the State Governments

• Structural Decisions not against Government Members

Structural Decisions not against Government Members

• Akkreditierunsgrat

Akkreditierunsgrat-

• Agencies: Accreditation, Contract, mutual

Agencies: Accreditation, Contract, mutual information information

Akkreditierungsrat: Tasks Akkreditierungsrat: Tasks

• Accreditation and reaccreditation of Agancies (providing

Accreditation and reaccreditation of Agancies (providing with the right to award the seal of the with the right to award the seal of the Akkreditierungsrat) Akkreditierungsrat)

• Transfer structural decisions of the States into binding

Transfer structural decisions of the States into binding rules for Accreditation through the agencies rules for Accreditation through the agencies

• Definining binding minimum standards/criteria for

Definining binding minimum standards/criteria for accreditation of programmes and prerequisites for accreditation of programmes and prerequisites for “ “cluster cluster” ” accreditation accreditation

• Monitoring activities and task fulfillment of Agencies

Monitoring activities and task fulfillment of Agencies

HRK: Projekt Q (Involvement of Higher Education HRK: Projekt Q (Involvement of Higher Education in Quality Assurance) in Quality Assurance)

• Exchange of Experiences with regards to Quality

Exchange of Experiences with regards to Quality Assurance Assurance

• Strenghtening acceptance for Quality Assurance within

Strenghtening acceptance for Quality Assurance within higher education higher education

• Developing standards and common procedures for

Developing standards and common procedures for quality assurance quality assurance

• Informing the public about quality assurance efforts in

Informing the public about quality assurance efforts in higher education higher education

• Activities among others: Pilot Project Process

Activities among others: Pilot Project Process Accreditation, EvaNet Accreditation, EvaNet

• HRK also

HRK also is is shareholder of CHE shareholder of CHE

evaNet evaNet

• News

News

– – Actual news Actual news – – Archive Archive

• Newsletter

Newsletter

– – Actual issue Actual issue – – Order Order – – Archive Archive

• Calendar of Events

Calendar of Events

• Institutions

Institutions

– – Accreditation Accreditation – – Evaluation Evaluation – – Quality in general Quality in general

• Procedures

Procedures

– – Quality Assurance, Quality Management, Quality development Quality Assurance, Quality Management, Quality development – – Fund allocation Fund allocation – – Quality Assurance in the Corporate World Quality Assurance in the Corporate World – – Change Management Change Management

• Opinion (Actual and Archive)

Opinion (Actual and Archive)

• Literature Pool

Literature Pool

– – Accreditation and Evaluation Accreditation and Evaluation – – Bologna Process Bologna Process – – Higher Education Steering and Management Higher Education Steering and Management – – Quality of Teaching and Learning Quality of Teaching and Learning – – Surveys, Studies Surveys, Studies

• Linkpool

Linkpool

• Project Q

Project Q

HIS Hochschul Informations System HIS Hochschul Informations System

Purpose Purpose of

• f Higher

Higher Education Education Information Systems Information Systems

• Information

Information for for Planning Planning, Investment , Investment Decisions Decisions

• Monitoring

Monitoring the the Higher Higher Education Education System, System, Higher Higher Education Education Policy Policy, , Recurrent Recurrent Decisions Decisions, , e.g e.g. . for for fund fund allocation allocation

• Informing

Informing the the Public ( Public (Statistics Statistics) )

• Informing

Informing the the „ „clients clients“ “ and and „ „stakeholders stakeholders“ “

• Self

Self-

• knowledge

knowledge of

• f HEIs

HEIs: :

– – for for management management and and administration administration – – for for improvement improvement of

• f services

services, , quality quality assurance assurance and and competitive competitive advantages advantages

„ „Higher Higher Education Education System System“ “ in in Germany Germany today today

• Several

Several information information systems systems serving serving the the above above mentioned mentioned purposes purposes, , institutional institutional level level, national , national level level, , public public

• A

A service service organization

• rganization,

, dealing dealing with with information information services services for for higher higher education education: : HIS Hochschul HIS Hochschul-

• Informations

Informations-

• System,

System, Hannover Hannover

The The Appearance Appearance of

• f Higher

Higher Education Education Information System at Information System at the the End of End of the the Sixties Sixties

• Expansion of

Expansion of Higher Higher Education Education

• Planning

Planning euphoria euphoria

• No

No information information about about higher higher education education, no , no Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics

• For

For Higher Higher Education Education Planning Planning we we need need information information!!! !!!

HIS: an HIS: an Inititative Inititative of

• f the

the Volkswagenfoundation Volkswagenfoundation

• Set up a

Set up a central central higher higher education education data data base base

• Facilitate

Facilitate the the establishment establishment of

• f Planning

Planning and Information and Information Centres Centres (PIZ) at (PIZ) at the the HEIs HEIs

• Develop

Develop information information systems systems for for the the HEIs HEIs, , which which should should be be maintained maintained by by the the PIZs PIZs and and have have the the only

• nly purpose

purpose to to deliver deliver data data to to the the central central data data base base

In In the the meantime meantime: : Hochschulstatistikgesetz ( Hochschulstatistikgesetz (Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics Act Act) )

• HEIs

HEIs to to deliver deliver data data to to the the state state ( (Laender Laender) ) Statistic Statistic Offices: Offices:

– – Students Students – – Examinees Examinees ( (includes includes graduates graduates and and failing failing graduations graduations) ) – – Deregistrants Deregistrants – – Guest Guest Students Students – – Habilitations Habilitations – – Posititions Posititions – – Staff Staff – – Premises Premises ( (Space Space) ) – – Expenditures Expenditures and and Revenues Revenues

Hochschulstatistikausschuss ( Hochschulstatistikausschuss (Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics Committee Committee) )

• Advisory

Advisory body body for for Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics, , consisting consisting of:

• f:

– – President President of Federal

• f Federal Statistics

Statistics Office Office – – Federal Federal Ministry Ministry – – State State Ministries Ministries for for Science and Science and Education Education – – Science Science Council Council (Wissenschaftsrat) (Wissenschaftsrat) – – Representatives Representatives from from Higher Higher Education Education Institutions Institutions – – Representatives Representatives from from Research and Service Research and Service Institutions Institutions dealing dealing with with information information services services, , i.e i.e. . including including HIS HIS

With With the the advent advent of

• f Higher

Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics: Different : Different Role Role for for HIS HIS

• Development

Development of MIS

• f MIS for

for HEIs

• HEIs. Main

. Main pupose pupose of MIS: Management

• f MIS: Management

and and administration administration, , not not data data delivery.

• delivery. But

But: : garantee garantee that that data data is is being being delivered delivered homogenuously homogenuously and and according according to to Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics Act Act all all over

• ver the

the higher higher education education system system ( (the the German German ISVUs ISVUs) )

• Support of National

Support of National Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics via via institutional institutional MIS MIS and and advisory advisory function function in Hochschulstatistikausschuss in Hochschulstatistikausschuss

• Complementary

Complementary (to (to statistics statistics) ) information information generation generation especially especially focussing focussing on

• n students

students, , based based on

• n sample

sample surveys surveys ( (e.g e.g. online . online surveys surveys) )

• Development

Development of

• f Informations

Informations Systems Systems for for national and national and system system level level ( (e.g e.g. ICE, . ICE, e.g e.g. . EvaNet EvaNet, , e.g e.g. Internet . Internet Platform Platform to to support support student student choices choices for for studies studies) )

Planning Planning Higher Higher Education Education? ?

Demand Supply

Study Places

Students: Plan to study at a University

• Plan for student

intake according to capacity

• Plan capacity

according to student demand

• Plan capacity

according to societal goals and labour market needs Supply

Graduates

Demand Employers: Plan to employ graduates Students University System Society

POLICIES

Planning Planning Higher Higher Education Education in in Germany? Germany?

• No!,

No!, but but coordinated coordinated and and informed informed investment investment decisions decisions in in the the context context of

• f expansion

expansion of

• f the

the higher higher education education system.

• system. Role

Role of

• f the

the Science Science Council Council (Wissenschaftsrat) (Wissenschaftsrat)

• No!

No! But But the the reverse reverse: Student : Student intake intake to to individual individual institution institution and and programme programme according according to to existing existing capacity capacity. . Legally Legally defined defined capacity capacity, right of , right of students students to to be be admitted admitted and and mandate mandate to to enroll enroll students students according according to to capacity capacity on

• n the

the side side of

• f the

the insitutions insitutions

Planning Planning Higher Higher Education Education in in View View

• f
• f changing

changing Steering Steering Model? Model?

• No,

No, but but rather rather remedial remedial, , corrective corrective policy policy decisions decisions and and interventions interventions from from the the side side of

• f governments

governments

• Consequences

Consequences for for Information Systems Information Systems

– – Governments Governments: Input and Output : Input and Output oriented

• riented monitoring

monitoring for for policy policy decisions decisions, , information information for for recurrent recurrent funding funding decisions decisions – – HEI: HEI: Self Self-

• knowledge

knowledge not not only

• nly for

for management management and and administration administration, , but but also also for for quality quality assurance assurance and and competitive competitive advantage advantage – – Students Students and Stakeholders: and Stakeholders: Comparative Comparative information information to to support support choice choice decisions decisions – – Public: Public: Accountability Accountability of HEI

• f HEI

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• I mportant

I mportant Basis Basis for for all all I nformation I nformation Purposes Purposes: : Institutional

Institutional MIS ( MIS (feeding feeding Higher Higher Education Education statistics statistics and and processes processes like like accreditation accreditation, , funding funding, , investments investments), National Level Information ), National Level Information Systems ( Systems (Statistics Statistics, ICE) and HIS , ICE) and HIS surveys surveys

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• Planning

Planning, I nvestment , I nvestment Decisions Decisions:

: Data Data Bases Bases of Science

• f Science Council

Council, , Statistics Statistics and and Analyis Analyis department department of

• f the

the Science Science Council Council, Central , Central Premises Premises data data base base at at the the Federal Federal Ministry Ministry

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• Planning

Planning, , Capacity Capacity, , I ntake I ntake Decisions Decisions:

: Institutional Institutional MIS, MIS, Institutional Institutional Programme Programme data data bases bases

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• Monitoring

Monitoring, , Higher Higher Education Education Policy Policy Decsions Decsions, , Recurrent Recurrent Decisions Decisions: : ICE, HIS

ICE, HIS surveys surveys

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• I nforming

I nforming the the interested interested Public: Public:

Higher Higher Education Education Statistics Statistics

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• Self

Self-

• Knowledge

Knowledge of

• f HEI s

HEI s: HEI MIS,

: HEI MIS, surveys surveys

• Quality

Quality Assurance Assurance: HEI MIS,

: HEI MIS, surveys surveys, , EvaNet EvaNet

Higher Higher Education Education Information Information Systems in Germany Systems in Germany

• I nforming

I nforming the the „ „Clients Clients“ “ and and „ „Stakeholders Stakeholders“ “, , especially especially students students´ ´ choice choice decisions decisions (Programme (Programme Data Data Bases Bases and and beyond beyond) ) :

:

– – HRK: HRK: www.hochschulkompass.de www.hochschulkompass.de – – Central Labour Agency: Studien Central Labour Agency: Studien-

• und Berufswahl,

und Berufswahl, www.studienwahl.de www.studienwahl.de – – Central Labour Agency: Central Labour Agency: Berufenet Berufenet-

• data

data base base, , www.berufenet.de www.berufenet.de – – Universitaet Universitaet Essen Essen-

• Duisburg: Studienwahl und Arbeitsmarkt (ISA),

Duisburg: Studienwahl und Arbeitsmarkt (ISA), www.uni www.uni-

• essen.de/isa

essen.de/isa – – CHE and Die Zeit: Rankings, CHE and Die Zeit: Rankings, www.das www.das-

• ranking.de

ranking.de – – Student Student self self-

• organization
• rganization:

: www.meinProf.de www.meinProf.de – – KMK/HIS (in KMK/HIS (in discussion discussion): ): integrated integrated internet internet portal portal to to support support student student choices choices

CHE Rankings of CHE Rankings of Programmes Programmes

• Judgements

Judgements of

• f students

students ( (questionaires questionaires): ):

• verall
• verall support

support and and conditons conditons of

• f teaching

teaching and and learning learning at at the the respective respective university university and in and in the the respective respective programmes programmes

• Reputation of

Reputation of the the respective respective unit unit among among professors professors ( (from from other

• ther universities

universities) )

• Publications

Publications

• Research Income

Research Income

KMK KMK suggested suggested ( (hard hard fact fact) ) Indicators Indicators for for Rankings Rankings

• Input

Input

– – Newly Newly enrolled enrolled students students – – Students Students – – Intake Intake Capacity Capacity – – Caps Caps for for Intake Intake – – Tuition Tuition fees fees

• Output

Output

– – Average Average duration duration of

• f studies

studies in in the the programme programme – – Number Number of

• f graduates

graduates within within regular regular duration duration – – Success Success rates rates – – Transfer Transfer from from Bachelor Bachelor to Master to Master programmes programmes – – Existence Existence of

• f structured

structured doctoral doctoral programmes programmes – – Employment Employment ratio ratio of

• f graduates

graduates

• Process

Process

– – Accredited Accredited? j/n ? j/n – – Existence Existence of

• f Quality

Quality Assurance Assurance System System – – Existence Existence of

• f Alumni

Alumni and Career and Career Networks Networks