Great wits are sure to madness near allied / And thin partitions do - - PDF document

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ADHD and Creativity

ADHD og den kreative hjerne

Handlekraft ADHD 2017, Kolding

Simon Kyaga 2017-09-07

“Great wits are sure to madness near allied / And thin partitions do their bounds divide.” (Dryden, 1681)

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Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

Schizophrenia (dementia praecox) Progressive Psychosis: aberrant perception of reality (hallucinations, delusions, cognitive) Bipolar disorder (manic depressive) Intermittent Variation in mood, psychosis (melancholia – depression - mania)

”The only difference between me and a madman is that I am not mad.”

Crisis and Creativity?

Crisis and Creativity

• Elliot Jaques (1917-2003)
• Midlife Crisis

“Death and the Midlife Crisis", International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1965.

• Adult development

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Crisis and Creativity

• Midlife Crisis ~35 years of age
• 1. Creative career ends (Rossini)
• 2. Death (Mozart, Chopin, Rimbaud)
• 3. Development (Bach, Gauguin, Goethe)
• Method
• Content

Method

– Young, spontaneous, and intensive – The artistic creativity is fast and limited by the creator’s physical limitations to write words, music etc. – Mozart, Rimbaud..

→ Method

– Mature, sculptural creativity – The initial inspiration must first be externalized chiselled out in an interaction between the exteranlized item and the unconscious inspiration – Freud..

Method

– Young, spontaneous, and intensive – Det artistic creativity is fast and limited by the creator’s physical limitations to write words, music etc. – Mozart, Rimbaud..

Crisis and Creativity

→ Content

• The change in working methods, then,

between the early and mature adulthood is a change from the unrestrained to the sculpted creativity.

• .. the emergence of a tragic

philosophical content then progresses to the tranquility of creativity in mature adulthood ..

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Why?

Why?

• The relentless death
• The existence of hate and

destructiveness

The Midlife Crisis

when death and human destructiveness - that is, when both death and the death instinct is taken into account; the quality and content of the creative expressions change to the tragic, reflective and philosophical…

The Midlife Crisis

when death and human destructiveness - that is, when both death and the death instinct is taken into account; the quality and content of the creative expressions change to the tragic, reflective and philosophical…

The successful outcome of mature creative work thus lies in the constructive resignation both with regards to the deficiencies in humanity and limitations in the artist’s own

• work. It is this constructive resignation which

then conveys tranquility to life and work.

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Posttraumatic growth

Some evidence suggests that reminders of

• ne’s mortality can enhance creativity under

certain conditions (e.g., Routledge, Arndt, Vess, & Sheldon, 2008).

Forgeard et al. 2013

Posttraumatic growth

A sample of 373 web-users from the United States to report the kinds of adverse events (e.g., disaster, illness, accident, assault, etc.) they had previously experienced in their lives. Positive and negative changes in interpersonal relationships predicted increased self-reported creative growth. Rwandan sample exposed to the traumatic events of the 1994 genocide. Having come to local clinics seeking mental health services, participants (N = 100) were asked to indicate the degree to which they perceived that their creativity had increased since the genocide (using a 7-point Likert Scale), and to give a qualitative description of the reported changes. The mean level of creative growth reported was 2.26 (SD = 1.77). Frequencies of scores evidenced a bimodal distribution in which 61% of participants reported no change at all in creativity (score of 1 out of 7), while the second largest group of 25% of participants reported a moderate increase in creativity (score of 4 out of 7). Forgeard 2012, 2013

Posttraumatic growth

A sample of 373 web-users from the United States to report the kinds of adverse events (e.g., disaster, illness, accident, assault, etc.) they had previously experienced in their lives. Positive and negative changes in interpersonal relationships predicted increased self-reported creative growth. Rwandan sample exposed to the traumatic events of the 1994 genocide. Having come to local clinics seeking mental health services, participants (N = 100) were asked to indicate the degree to which they perceived that their creativity had increased since the genocide (using a 7-point Likert Scale), and to give a qualitative description of the reported changes. The mean level of creative growth reported was 2.26 (SD = 1.77). Frequencies of scores evidenced a bimodal distribution in which 61% of participants reported no change at all in creativity (score of 1 out of 7), while the second largest group of 25% of participants reported a moderate increase in creativity (score of 4 out of 7). Forgeard 2012, 2013

?

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486)

Relatives to patients with psychosis are more often creative

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

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Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143)

Nobel laureates (n=18) gave the fastest opposite responses, whereas patients (n=12) responded at the slowest rate.

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Andreasen 1989 (n=60)

43% bipolar illness was reported in the writer group and 10% in the controls

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Andreasen 1989 (n=60) Jamison 1989 (n=47)

38% of the sample had been treated for an “affective” illness

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Andreasen 1989 (n=60) Jamison 1989 (n=47) Ludwig 1992 (n=1005)

3 % manic episode 10% in artists, musicans and

• ther classical

creatives

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

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Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Andreasen 1989 (n=60) Jamison 1989 (n=47) Ludwig 1992 (n=1005)

“..there is no hard proof that highly creative people are more susceptible to mental disorder than anybody else.” Schlesinger 2013

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Main criticism is that the authors of these studies both selected study subjects, and in general themselves made the diagnoses without support in recognized diagnostical manuals. This would make the results open to both bias and difficulties in generalization.

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Review on Creativity and Mental Illness – number of studies included

Thys et al. 2013

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Andreasen 1989 (n=60) Jamison 1989 (n=47) Ludwig 1992 (n=1005) Zeki 2001

Coins ”neuroesthetics”

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

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Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Andreasen 1989 (n=60) Jamison 1989 (n=47) Ludwig 1992 (n=1005) Zeki 2001 Keri 2009 (n=200)

Increased creativity with T/T genotype in Neuregulin 1, also associated with increased risk for psychosis

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom

Tidigare forskning

Karlsson 1970 Rothenberg 1983 Andreasen 1989 Jamison 1989 Ludwig 1992 Zeki 2001 Keri 2009

Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness

BACKGRUND

• LONGSTANDING MYTH

SINCE THE CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY

• WEAK EMPIRICAL

SUPPORT

• SWEDENS UNIQUE

POSITION WITH NATIONAL REGISTRIES

Question

DO PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISORDER MORE OFTEN HAVE A CREATIVE OCCUPATION THAN PEOPLE WITHOUT A MENTAL DISORDER?

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METHOD

Schizophrenia: n=54 042 Bipolar disorder: n=29 644 Unipolar depression: n=217 771

RESULTS

British Journal of Psychiatry, Kyaga et al., 2011

Psychiatric disorders – a continuum?

Number of individuals in the population

←← Symptoms (e.g., psychosis) →→

Relatives

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C?

PERSONALITY PROCESS

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PLoS One, Manzano et al., 2010

Common sense - invalid Non common sense - valid

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"The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.“ (George Bernard Shaw, 1903)

Kyaga et al., 2012

PRODUCT

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Creativity – current model

J Creative Behav, Kaufman et. al, 2009

Types of creative expression

Creativity Research Journal, Carson et. al, 2005

Humanistic Science

Relative with bipolar disorder Relative with autism

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Table 4. AQ scores by demographic group.

Ruzich E, Allison C, Chakrabarti B, Smith P, Musto H, et al. (2015) Sex and STEM Occupation Predict Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Scores in Half a Million People. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0141229. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141229 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0141229

STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

STROOP

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5

Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ)

ADHD Kontroller

Pers Indiv Diff, White et al., 2011

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• Hypothesis: Society in general and companies

specifically are missing potential entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs

• Employers’ selection systems desgned for a

”Barbie & Ken”-world

• At the same time we know that variation

increases creativity

• Warning light for automatic selection systems

Inventors and Creativity: Considerable losses for society?

Kyaga et al., in analysis Hunter et al., 2007

• 1. Positive collegial mood
• 2. Closest managers
• 3. Resources
• 4. Challenges
• 5. Clarity on mission
• 6. Autonomy
• 7. Context
• 8. Intellectually stimulating
• 9. Management
• 10. Reward
• 11. Flexibility & Risk-taking
• 12. Product Focus
• 13. Participation
• 14. Organizational integration

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Humanistiska Natur- vetenskapliga

Släkting med bipolär sjukdom Släkting med autism

Förstärkningstekniker