Georgios Karyotis, University of Glasgow Dimitris Skleparis , - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Georgios Karyotis, University of Glasgow Dimitris Skleparis , University of Glasgow

georgios.karyotis@glasgow.ac.uk : www.RefugeePolitics.net

PSA Annual Conference 2018, Cardiff Panel: Migration and Identity in Southern Europe: Lived Experiences, Attitudes and Transformations

 Protracted Syrian conflict necessitates policies to enable refugees

to train and work at least temporarily in host countries (World Bank 2015)

 Since the Syrian civil war began, 5.1 million people have fled the

country, with 3 million now living in Turkey

 Scarcity of research on skills needs of refugee young adults (Chatty,

2007). Analogously disadvantaged host population perspectives also under-researched

 How can we overcome the perceived competition between the two

groups over scarce resources?

 Limited impact of Syrian refugees on the labour market, including

in culturally similar countries like Jordan (Fakih & Ibrahim 2016). Why?

i) Promote Normative Frame

 Educate and sensitise public through discourse,

images, media

 Empower civil society  Project refugee voices  Focus on young refugees’ and host populations’

shared underlying ethical frameworks

Challenge: short-term effects and realist reflexes

Challenges:

a)

Migrants struggle to gain employment at their skill-accredited levels (et al, 2013) - lack of receptiveness of employers ‘entirely disregarded’ by HTC theorists (Laurison & Friedman, 2016)

b)

Corrections frequently fail to reduce misperceptions among the targeted ideological group. May also have a “backfire effect” in which corrections actually increase misperceptions among the group in

• question. (Nyhan and J Reifler, 2010)

ii) Promote Liberal Frame

• Emphasise benefits of migration
• n host society
• Focus on human capital
• ‘Correct’ misconceptions with

evidence

1.Nyhan B, 2.Reifler J . When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Polit Behav.2010;32(2):303–330 1.Nyhan B, 2.Reifler J . When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Polit Behav.2010;32(2):303–330

iii) Promote Responsibility Sharing

 Support countries at external borders  Relocation schemes

Challenges:

 Domestic politics  Lack of political will  Institutional configurations

• iv. Escape the ‘Normative Dilemma’

 Avoid ‘security’ language of ‘us’ and ‘them’  Emphasise commonalities, not differences  Identify shared values, aspirations, skills between

citizens and refugees

 Overcome perceived competition between the two

groups over scarce resources

 Invest in refugees’ ‘human capital’ and skills.

ESRC-AHRC Project: www.RefugeePolitics.net Interdisciplinary Team: Education (Lesley Doyle; Kristinn Hermannsson), Sociology (Gareth Mulvey), Philosophy (Ben Colburn), Politics (Dimitris Skleparis; Georgios Karyotis)

• A. Fieldworker-administered (face to face) and

self-completion survey with 1500 young Syrian refugees 18-32

• B. Representative surveys on corresponding

attitudes and belief structures of host populations (n= 3,500)

 Access issues and solutions

Greece Lebanon UK

• No. of completed face-to-face

surveys with young Syrians 500 532 484

UK: In 2015 the British government agreed to take 20,000 refugees over a five-year period; as of March 2017, 7,307 had been resettled in the UK. Lebanon: 1,011,366 registered Syrian refugees, plus 300,000 registered Syrian Palestinian refugees. Greece:

 21,700 have been relocated from Greece (33% of the 66,400 originally

foreseen).

 About 11,000 people remain on the islands waiting for a decision on

whether they will be returned to Turkey

 About 34,000 people are residing in the mainland. Over 18,400 are

accommodated in apartments and hotels throughout 20 cities.

Now, in your current situation, are you planning to remain in Greece / Lebanon / UK? If not, where are you planning to go?

Greece Lebanon UK Yes, I am planning to remain in Greece/Lebanon/UK 12.12% 38.72% 74.00% No, I am planning to go to another European country 75.56% 13.16% 1.40% No, I am planning to go to another non- European country 1.62% 1.32% 0.90% No, I am planning to go back to the country of transit (Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, etc.) 1.21% 0.56% 0.54% No, I am planning to go back to Syria 1.41% 36.47% 9.90% DK 3.64% 8.46% 13.10% NR 4.44% 1.32% 0.20%

Education (1)

Greece Lebanon UK Elementary / Primary 22.58% 47.56% 14.63% Intermediate (Grade 9, General National Exam) 32.86% 25.94% 31.98% General Secondary – Literary (Baccalaureate) 10.89% 9.02% 15.18% General Secondary – Scientific (Baccalaureate) 8.87% 1.88% 10.84% Technical Secondary 6.85% 2.07% 2.44% Informatics School 0.81% 0.38% 0.81% University – Undergraduate (BA/BSc) 14.52% 7.52% 16.53% University – Postgraduate (Master’s) 0.81% 1.32% 2.44% University – Doctorate (PhD) 0.00% 0.00% 0.81% Other qualifications obtained in Syria: 0.81% 1.69% 1.90% Qualifications obtained elsewhere: 0.00% 0.19% 2.17% DK/NR 1.01% 2.44% 0.27%

What is the highest qualification you have obtained in Syria OR elsewhere?

Education (2)

Greece Lebanon UK No 49.40% 76.32% 60.16% Yes 46.17% 22.37% 39.57% NR 4.44% 1.32% 0.27%

Was your education interrupted by the conflicts?

Greece Lebanon UK No 69.96% 65.60% 53.39% Yes 26.61% 31.95% 46.34% DK 0.20% 0.94% 0.00% NR 3.23% 1.50% 0.27%

Do you have any documentation with you to verify your educational qualifications?

 UK: {1, Government support / welfare} 61%  Lebanon: {1, Non-agricultural casual labour (casual labour, skilled

labour, salaried work, provision of services)} 41%

 Greece: {1, Cash from humanitarian/charitable organisations} 50%  Lebanon: Higher levels of self-reliance  UK & Greece: Higher levels of dependency on government and civil

society support respectively.

 Greece: According to UNHCR, in February 2018, 41,387 people

received cash assistance through 19,154 cards for a total of €4.13 million.

Job in Syria

Greece Lebanon UK Professional or highly technical work (e.g. doctor, accountant, schoolteacher, university lecturer, social worker, systems analyst) 6.70% 6.90% 30.41% Manager or Senior Administrator (e.g. company director, finance manager, personnel manager, senior sales manager, senior local government officer) 2.23% 0.00% 2.70% Clerical work (e.g. clerk, secretary) 6.25% 0.43% 4.73% Sales or Services (e.g. commercial traveller, shop assistant, nursery nurse, care assistant, paramedic) 10.71% 6.03% 7.43% Small Business Owner (e.g. shop owner, small builder, farmer, restaurant owner) 16.52% 10.78% 12.84% Foreman or Supervisor of other Workers (e.g. building site foreman, supervisor of cleaning workers) 1.34% 2.16% 3.38% Skilled Manual Work (e.g. plumber, electrician, fitter, train driver, cook, hairdresser) 33.48% 21.98% 27.70% Semi-skilled or Unskilled Manual Work (e.g. machine

• perator, assembler, postman, waitress, cleaner,

labourer, driver, bar-worker, call-centre worker) 10.27% 26.72% 4.05% Other type of work: 7.14% 24.14% 6.08%

Current Employment Status

Greece Lebanon UK Full time salaried/waged employment (more than 30 hours / week) 5.44% 38.72% 7.07% Full time self-employment (more than 30 hours / week) 1.81% 8.08% 4.62% Part-time salaried/waged employment (less than 30 hours / week but wanted to work full-time) 0.81% 5.26% 7.34% Part-time salaried/waged employment (less than 30 hours / week and wanted to work part-time) 0.20% 0.94% 2.99% Part-time self-employment (less than 30 hours / week but wanted to work full-time) 0.60% 1.50% 2.45% Part-time self-employment (less than 30 hours / week and wanted to work part-time) 0.20% 1.88% 0.82% Homemaker 19.35% 25.75% 14.95% Student 7.06% 2.26% 36.14% Unable to work (e.g. due to disability) 2.22% 0.56% 1.90% Unemployed 53.03% 15.04% 20.65% DK/NR 9.27% 0.00% 1.09%

Current Job (2)

Do you have social security?

Greece Lebanon UK No 53.33% 97.33% 30.11% Yes 37.78% 0.67% 49.46% DK 6.67% 0.67% 16.13% NR 2.22% 1.33% 4.30%

10 20 30 40 50

Syrian acquaintance Citizen acquaintance Door to door inquiry Voluntereed as an intern Local organisation / job centre Started own business Media ad

'How did you find your current job?(%)

Lebanon Greece United Kingdom

6 14 13 6 13 5 11 4 3 5 4

Agriculture, forestry, fishing Manufacturing Construction Retail, wholesale, distribution Hotels and catering Business administration Professional, scientific/technical Education Health Arts, entertainment, recreation Engineering

'In which sector would you like to work?' Top Answers: Greece (%)

n= 293

UK Lebanon Greece

Finding employment

• pportunities

The Government 53.3% Syrian Refugees themselves 37.2% The Government 28%

Integrating in the society

Syrian Refugees themselves 55.8% The Public 45.9% The Public 31%

Developing work- related skills

The Government 59.1% International Institutions (UNHCR, UN) 39.8% International Institutions (UNHCR, UN) 23.6%

Ensuring safety and security

The Government 78.5% The Government 53.8% The Government 44.4%

Providing for basic needs (e.g. shelter, food, welfare)

The Government 72.7% International Institutions (e.g. UNHCR, UN) 66.9% International Institutions (e.g. UNHCR, UN) 47.4%

Have you benefitted from the following provisions? (%)

UK Lebanon Greece

Provision of job search facilities 29.3 20.9 10.2 Training provision by employer 9.3 28.2 4.8 Training provision by job centre 9.5 15.8 4.8 Provision of travel expenses 7.6 .6 9.6 Provision of English/French/Greek language courses 65.3 3.0 28.4 Provision of computer skills training 16.7 1.9 6.8 Conversion/Recognition of my overseas qualifications 7.2 1.7 3.4 Volunteering/work placements to gain experience 25.8 3.6 16.0 Provision of career counselling services 6.2 3.8 8.4 Organisation of recruitment events by employers 3.5 1.3 1.6 Provision of cultural awareness training courses 14.0 6.6 11.4

5 10 15 20

Denied services by humanitarian… Denied services by private business Denied services by public institutions Evicted Arrested / Detained Blackmailed/ Extorted Harassed Raided / Searched

'Since you have been in [host country], have you or your family ever been… (%)

United Kingdom Greece Lebanon

n= 1,511

12 10 9 5 5 18 5 7 4 9 9 34 34 33 35 32 14 20 18 21 25 32 28 23 22 23 22 48 48 13 53 40 27

Police National Government Local Authorities Army Local religious/cultural/ethnic groups International Organisations (e.g.… National Civil Society / NGOs Employers Home population Own community/Other Syrians Other refugees and migrants

AXIS TITLE

Evaluations of Main Actors: Young Syrians in Greece (%)

Negative Neutral Positive

Negative Evaluations Neutral Evaluations Positive Evaluations

UK Lebanon Greece UK Lebanon Greece UK Lebanon Greece Police 3 12 12 18 33 34 68 39 28 National Government 4 11 10 14 36 34 74 38 23 Local Authorities 5 9 9 15 38 33 73 38 22 Army 2 6 5 29 32 35 21 47 23 Local religious/cultural/ethnic groups 4 15 5 21 34 32 57 29 22 International Organisations (e.g. UNHCR, EU) 13 20 18 21 30 14 43 39 48 National Civil Society / NGOs 4 9 5 19 30 20 54 42 48 Employers 16 10 7 23 31 18 23 50 13 Home population 4 10 4 18 24 21 77 65 53 Own community/Other Syrians 6 8 9 13 22 25 68 68 40 Other refugees and migrants 3 9 9 24 26 32 60 54 27

20 40 60 80

Police National Government Local Authorities Army Local religious/cultural/ethnic… International Organisations (e.g.… National Civil Society / NGOs Employers Home population Own community/Other Syrians Other refugees and migrants

Positive minus Negative Evaluations of Key Actors (%)

Greece Lebanon United Kingdom

n= 1,511

Emotions

Greece Lebanon UK Anxious 21.11% 18.51% 9.96% Desperate 13.68% 15.89% 2.31% Afraid 9.40% 11.09% 5.47% Angry 4.62% 3.77% 0.73% Sad 13.68% 15.31% 5.59% Confident 5.64% 3.77% 11.42% Hopeful 14.96% 10.06% 25.88% Proud 2.91% 1.49% 5.22% Happy 4.70% 8.57% 20.29% Grateful 5.73% 10.17% 11.42% None of the above (volunteered) 1.11% 0.46% 0.73% DK/NR 2.48% 0.91% 0.97%

How do you feel about your current situation in Greece/Lebanon/UK? [UP TO 4 CHOICES]

Conclusion