Georgia: Production of Data on Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Georgia: Production of Data on Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective

Tengiz Tsekvava

Deputy Executive Director, Geostat 12th Forum on Gender Statistics November 14-16, 2018. Tokyo, Japan

Outline

➢EDGE Project in Georgia ➢Survey Design and Implementation ➢Survey Results ➢Main findings ➢Conclusions and Future Plans

EDGE Project in Georgia

➢Geostat involved in the EDGE project from 2012 ➢Acceptance of the ADB’s proposal to be part of the regional

project together with Mongolia and the Philippines

➢Memorandum of Understanding signed with the ADB on the

implementation of the EDGE Pilot in Georgia

➢During the project implementation Geostat benefited from

the technical assistance of the ADB with continuous participation of the UNSD

Survey Design and Implementation: Survey Objectives

➢Obtain data on individual asset ownership within households ➢Study the gender-based incidence and other important aspects of asset

• wnership by different types of assets

➢Learn about gender disparities by types of assets, incl. the attempt to study the

gender wealth gap

➢Key concepts specific to the survey: gender-based incidence of asset

• wnership, documented vs reported ownership, self-assigned approach vs
• wnership assigned by any respondent, rights to sell and bequeath, modes of

acquisition, asset valuation

Survey Design and Implementation: Survey Instruments

Module Respondent

(2) Household questionnaire

• Primary Respondent

Individual questionnaire

• Primary Respondent,

Spouse/partner of PR, third randomly selected household member

(3) Dwelling (4) Agricultural Land (5) Livestock (6) Agricultural Equipment (Small and Large) (7) Non-agricultural enterprises (8) Other real estate (9) Consumer Durables (10) Financial assets and (11) Liabilities (12) Valuables

Survey Design and Implementation: Sampling Design

➢Sample

size: 3,120 households (nationally representative)

➢Sample frame: 2014 population census database ➢Sampling design: two-stage stratified sampling

Survey Design and Implementation: Survey Design

➢ Face-to-face paper based interviews ➢ Respondent selection protocol - administered to at most 3 adult (18+)

members of the household

• 1. Primary Respondent (PR)
• 2. Spouse/partner (if available) together defined as the Principal couple
• 3. Third adult randomly selected if there are more than 3 adults in a

household

➢ Respondents were interviewed simultaneously and independently.

Survey Results: General Comments

➢ Survey instruments were customized in order to take into account

local specificities and expected feedback of respondents: some modules or questions were removed or reformulated

➢ Analysis of results was confined to the self-assigned approach ➢ Due to difficulties with asset valuation the gender wealth gap was

analysed for the dwelling only

Profile of f households and respondents

Dis istributio ion of f Surveyed Households by Type of f Resp spondent

22.1 25.6 2.2 9.8 12.4 3.1 24.7 25.2 30.4 1.5 6.4 10 2.3 24.3 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Principal couple only Three adults including principal couple Three adults including either member of the principal couple Three adults without principal couple Any two respondents

• ther than Principal

couple Any two respondents with either member of the principal couple Single respondents Urban Rural

Incidence of f Ownership: Immovable Assets

In Incidence of f Ownership of f Im Immovable (C (Core) Ass ssets

10.6 5.9 30.6 12.6 46.3 33.4 15.7 10.1 47.7 34.1 80.4 75.9

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Men Women Men Women Men Women Other Real Estate Agricultural Land Dwelling Reported Documented

• Ownership Incidence of core

assets is higher for men in all asset categories

• More significant differences

are observed for documented

• wnership
• The largest gender gap is

reported for agricultural land

• wnership

Incidence of f Ownership: Immovable Assets

Socio-demographic characteristics Dwelling Agricultural Land Other Real Estate

Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Marital status Married 71.8 63.0 67.1 75.5 64.6 70.5 72.9 72.6 72.8 Widowed, Separated, or Divorced 7.6 27.8 18.3 8.0 27.4 16.9 6.3 17.0 10.9 Never married 20.7 9.2 14.6 16.5 8.1 12.6 20.8 10.4 16.3 Education level Primary or lower 2.2 3.4 2.8 3.2 4.0 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 Secondary 42.8 38.4 40.5 44.1 42.8 43.5 26.2 22.9 24.8 Post-secondary non-tertiary 23.0 25.4 24.3 24.6 26.0 25.2 18.8 19.3 19.1 Tertiary or above 32.0 32.8 32.4 28.1 27.2 27.7 54.2 57.3 55.6 Employment status Employed 66.2 47.9 56.5 76.8 61.7 69.9 71.1 51.1 62.5 Not engaged in economic activity 33.8 52.1 43.5 23.2 38.3 30.1 28.9 48.9 37.5 Age Group 18–29 17.4 13.6 15.4 13.4 9.8 11.8 19.2 16.3 18.0 30–49 31.7 32.9 32.3 30.8 31.3 31.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 50–59 20.9 19.3 20.1 23.4 21.7 22.6 19.5 22.3 20.7 60 and above 29.9 34.2 32.2 32.4 37.2 34.6 25.2 25.3 25.2

Incidence of f Ownership: Other Assets

In Incidence of f Reported Ownership of f Other Ass ssets (% (%)

98.3 41.6 10.7 6.4 1.8 98.4 38.6 6.0 1.0 1.6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Consumer Durables Livestock Non-agricultural Enterprises Large Agricultural Equipment Financial Asset Men Women

Forms of ownership

Incidence of f Reported Ownership of f Immovable Ass ssets (% (%)

6 31 15 48 20 44 6 20 5 16 12 27 17 10 18 8 15 4 55 18 40 10 26 3 7 9 10 8 6 4 9 12 11 11 21 17 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Reported ownership Documented ownership Reported ownership Documented ownership Reported ownership Documented ownership Dwelling Agricultural Land Other Real Estate Exclusive Male Exclusive Female Principal Couple All Household members Other joint ownership Joint Ownership with non-household members

Forms of ownership

Incidence of f Reported Ownership of f Other Ass ssets (% (%)

48 4 38 10 2 6 21 8 6 19 14 15 18 59 14 49 19 8 7 15 7 4 7 3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Large Agricultural equipments Livestock Non-agricultural enterprises Consumer Durables Exclusive Male Exclusive Female Principal Couple All Household members Other joint ownership Joint Ownership with non-household members

Alienation Rights

Dis istributio ion of f Rig ight to Bequeath (% (%)

21.8 16.3 32.7 13.9 61.3 12.5 41.2 30.8 68.0 64.1 59.2 68.7 34.1 72.5 53.2 57.6 10.2 19.6 8.0 17.4 4.6 15.0 5.5 11.5 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Dwelling unit Agricultural land Large agricultural equipment Other real estate

Exclusive right Jointly with others (consultative right) No right

Alienation Rights

Dis istributio ion of f Rig ight to Sell ll (% (%)

24.8 18.8 35.1 18.6 63.0 12.5 43.6 30.1 58.5 54.2 51.1 57.4 30.1 68.0 46.1 50.0 16.8 27.0 13.8 24.0 6.9 19.5 10.3 19.8 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Dwelling unit Agricultural land Large agricultural equipment Other real estate Exclusive right Jointly with others (consultative right) No right

Modes of Acquisition

Dis istributio ion of f Ass sset Ownership, by Sex an and Mode of f Acq cquis isition (% (%)

33.9 32.3 42.9 36.2 93.0 80.9 42.8 40.5 15.4 9.4 15.6 10.4 13.9 11.6 2.9 39.4 33.0 9.7 3.2 20.8 46.1 17.0 38.2 18.9 4.4 7.6 38.5 26.3 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Dwelling unit Agricult ural land Non- Agricult ural Enterpri ses Other Real Estate Founded or purchased Inherited Acquired due to marital law/custom Allocated/gift Government program Others

Non Non-agricultural Enterprises

In Incidence of f Ownership of f Enterprise as as Mai ain or r Subsidiary Act ctiv ivity by Location and Sex (% (%)

3.4 1.6 9.3 0.8 6.5 1.2 0.9 1.2 3.8 0.4 2.6 0.7 2 4 6 8 10 Main activity Subsidiary activity Main activity Subsidiary activity Main activity Subsidiary activity Rural Urban Total Men Women

Main Findings

 Men are more likely to own assets than women:

➢ Dwelling has the highest incidence of ownership among core assets. Dwelling-related

disparity is more pronounced in documented ownership (almost 13 percentage points) compared to that in reported ownership (5 percentage points).

➢ The gender gap in the ownership of agricultural land is manifested in the fact that men

are more than twice as likely to be documented owners as women. A 14-percentage point gender gap is observed for reported ownership of agricultural land.

➢ Comparison of the incidence of immoveable asset ownership by rural-urban residence

revealed no significant differences for dwellings and other real estate. Overall, gender disparity related to owning immoveable assets is more evident in rural areas.

Main Findings

➢The incidence of ownership of livestock is 41.6% among men and 38.6% for

• women. The gender gap is relatively moderate since livestock in the households is

not owned personally but mostly belongs to the household.

➢Consumer durables manifest the highest and almost equal incidence of

• wnership between men and women among all other assets (98.3% men versus

98.4% women).

➢Among all assets, the declared incidence of financial assets turned out to be the

lowest: respondents were not comfortable in discussing their financial assets as well as possessed jewelry.

Main Findings

 Gender disparity in alienation rights:

➢The exclusive right to sell or bequeath the asset turned out higher among men than among

women owners for all asset categories.

➢The gender gap favoring men was particularly evident in relation to alienation rights on

agricultural land, large agricultural equipment and other real estate where the gender differences exceeds 10 percentage points.

➢More women as compared to men reported not having the right to sell or bequeath the assets

that they owned.

➢It was found that in some cases even though women are considered owners, they still have

limited influence on the decision to sell or bequeath the asset.

Conclusions and Future Pla lans

➢The EDGE pilots conducted in different countries were aimed at providing inputs to the

UNSD methodology of producing asset ownership statistics

➢Along with being an input to the methodological work, the EDGE pilot in Georgia -a

comprehensive nationally representative survey - represented the first attempt to measure individual data ownership in the country

➢The respective UNSD methodological manual discusses alternative options on the

production of asset ownership statistics either as a independent survey or as an added module to an existing survey

➢SDG indicator 5.a.1 (secure rights over agricultural land) can be obtained from asset

• wnership indicators ensuring the definition of the agricultural population is in place

Thank you!