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Geant4 Physics Validation and Geant4 Physics Validation and Verification Verification Ions Ions

Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS

Thermal 1 MeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV (/n) LEP HEP ( up to 15 TeV) Photon Evap Multifragment Fermi breakup Fission Evaporation Pre- compound Bertini cascade Binary cascade QG String (up to 100 TeV) FTF String (up to 20 TeV) High Precision neutron down to thermal energy Elastic Inelastic Capture Fission LE pp, pn

• Rad. Decay

Neutron & Ion Models Inventory

Binary cascade Light Ions Photon Evap Multifragment Fermi breakup Evaporation Pre- compound

• Rad. Decay

Neutrons Ions

Wilson Abrasion&Ablation Electromagnetic Disosiation

Ion Physics Ion Physics Inelastic Reactions Inelastic Reactions

• Cross Sections

Cross Sections – – Tripathi Tripathi, , Shen Shen, , Kox Kox and and Sihver Sihver Formula Formula

• Model

Model

– – G4BinaryLightIon G4BinaryLightIon – – G4WilsonAbrasion G4WilsonAbrasion

Cross Sections Cross Sections

• Many cross section formulae for NN collisions are

Many cross section formulae for NN collisions are included in Geant4 included in Geant4

– – Tripathi Tripathi Formula NASA Technical Paper TP Formula NASA Technical Paper TP-

• 3621 (1997)

3621 (1997) – – Tripathi Tripathi Light System NASA Technical Paper TP Light System NASA Technical Paper TP-

• 209726 (1999)

209726 (1999) – – Kox Kox Formula Phys. Rev. C 35 1678 (1987) Formula Phys. Rev. C 35 1678 (1987) – – Shen Shen Formula Nuclear Physics. A 49 1130 (1989) Formula Nuclear Physics. A 49 1130 (1989) – – Sihver Sihver Formula Phys. Rev. C 47 1225 (1993) Formula Phys. Rev. C 47 1225 (1993)

• These are empirical and parameterized formulae with

These are empirical and parameterized formulae with theoretical insights. theoretical insights.

• G4GeneralSpaceNNCrossSection was prepared to assist

G4GeneralSpaceNNCrossSection was prepared to assist users in selecting the appropriate cross section formula. users in selecting the appropriate cross section formula.

Inelastic Cross Section Inelastic Cross Section C12 on C12 C12 on C12

Binary Cascade Binary Cascade ~ Model Principals~ ~ Model Principals~

• In Binary Cascade, each participating nucleon is seen as

In Binary Cascade, each participating nucleon is seen as a Gaussian wave packet, (like QMD) a Gaussian wave packet, (like QMD)

• Total wave function of the nucleus is assumed to be

Total wave function of the nucleus is assumed to be direct product of these. (no anti direct product of these. (no anti-

• symmetrization

symmetrization) )

• This wave form have same structure as the classical

This wave form have same structure as the classical Hamilton equations and can be solved numerically. Hamilton equations and can be solved numerically.

• The Hamiltonian is calculated using simple time

The Hamiltonian is calculated using simple time independent optical potential. (unlike QMD) independent optical potential. (unlike QMD)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ⎟

⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + − − ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ = x t ip t q x L L t p q x

i i i i 2 4 3

2 exp 2 , , , π φ

Binary Cascade Binary Cascade ~ nuclear model ~ ~ nuclear model ~

• 3 dimensional model of the nucleus is constructed

3 dimensional model of the nucleus is constructed from A and Z. from A and Z.

• Nucleon distribution follows

Nucleon distribution follows

– – A> 16 Woods A> 16 Woods-

• Saxon model

Saxon model – – Light nuclei harmonic Light nuclei harmonic-

• oscillator shell model
• scillator shell model
• Nucleon

Nucleon momenta momenta are sampled from 0 to Fermi are sampled from 0 to Fermi momentum and sum of these momentum and sum of these momenta momenta is set to 0. is set to 0.

• time

time-

• invariant scalar optical potential is used.

invariant scalar optical potential is used.

Binary Cascade Binary Cascade ~ G4BinaryLightIonReaction ~ ~ G4BinaryLightIonReaction ~

• Two nuclei are prepared according to this model

Two nuclei are prepared according to this model (previous page). (previous page).

• The lighter nucleus is selected to be projectile.

The lighter nucleus is selected to be projectile.

• Nucleons in the projectile are entered with

Nucleons in the projectile are entered with position and position and momenta momenta into the initial collision into the initial collision state. state.

• Until first collision of each nucleon, its Fermi

Until first collision of each nucleon, its Fermi motion is neglected in tracking. motion is neglected in tracking.

• Fermi motion and the nuclear field are taken

Fermi motion and the nuclear field are taken into account in collision probabilities and final into account in collision probabilities and final states of the collisions states of the collisions

Neutron Production 400 MeV/n Carbon on Copper Pion Production 1 GeV/c/n Carbon

• n Be, C, Cu and Pn

Geant4 6.2.p02 Binary Cascade Light Ions

Distribution of Distribution of Rs Rs Carbon Beams Carbon Beams

C 400M eV /n

• 100

100 200 20 40 60 80

Laboratory A ngl e [D egree]

R ati

• %

C 290M eV/n

• 100

100 200 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angl e [D egree]

R ati

• %

Target Materials Iwata et al.,

• Phys. Rev. C64
• pp. 05460901(2001)

R = (σcalculate-σ measure )/σ measure

Overestimate Underestimate

Distribution of Distribution of Rs Rs Neon Beams Neon Beams

Target Materials

N e 400M eV /n

• 100

100 200 20 40 60 80

Laboratory A ngl e [D egree]

R ati

• %

N e 600M eV /n

• 100

100 200 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angl e [D egree]

R ati

• %

Iwata et al.,

• Phys. Rev. C64
• pp. 05460901(2001)

Distribution of Distribution of Rs Rs Argon Beams Argon Beams

A r 560M eV /n

• 100

100 200 20 40 60 80

Laboratory A ngl e [D egree]

R ati

• %

Target Materials

A r 400M eV /n

• 100

100 200 20 40 60 80

Laboratory A ngl e [D egree]

R ati

• %

Iwata et al.,

• Phys. Rev. C64
• pp. 05460901(2001)

Neutron Yield Neutron Yield Argon 400 Argon 400 MeV/n MeV/n beams beams

Carbon Thick Target Aluminium Thick Target

• T. Kurosawa et al.,
• Phys. Rev. C62
• pp. 04461501 (2000)

Neutron Yield Neutron Yield Argon 400 Argon 400 MeV/n MeV/n beams beams

Copper Thick Target Lead Thick Target

• T. Kurosawa et al.,
• Phys. Rev. C62
• pp. 04461501 (2000)

Neutron Yield Neutron Yield Fe 400 Fe 400 MeV/n MeV/n beams beams

CarbonThick Target Aluminum Thick Target

• T. Kurosawa et al.,
• Phys. Rev. C62
• pp. 04461501 (2000)

Neutron Yield Neutron Yield Fe 400 Fe 400 MeV/n MeV/n beams beams

Copper Thick Target Lead Thick Target

• T. Kurosawa et al.,
• Phys. Rev. C62
• pp. 04461501 (2000)

Distribution of Distribution of Rs Rs for QMD and HIC Calculation for QMD and HIC Calculation (done by original author) (done by original author)

Iwata et al.,

• Phys. Rev. C64
• pp. 05460901(2001)

100% Iwata et al.,

• Phys. Rev. C64
• pp. 05460901(2001)
• 100%

Overestimate Underestimate R = 1/σ measure x(σ measure -σcalculate ) QMD HIC

Fragmented Particles Fragmented Particles Productions Productions

Si 490 M eV /n

• n

C

1 10 100 1000 Al M g N a N e F O N C Parti cl e Speci es C ross S ecti

• n [m b]

D ATA G 4

Si 490 M eV /n

• n

H

1 10 100 1000 Al M g N a N e F O N C Parti cl e Speci es C ross S ecti

• n [m b]

D ATA G 4

• F. Flesch et al.,

J, RM, 34 237 2001

Fragmented Particles Fragmented Particles Productions Productions

Si 453 M eV /n

• n

A l

1 10 100 1000 Al M g N a N e F O N C Parti cl e Speci es C ross S ecti

• n [m b]

D ATA G 4

Si 490 M eV /n

• n

C u

1 10 100 1000 Al M g N a N e F O N C Parti cl e Speci es C ross S ecti

• n [m b]

D ATA G 4

• F. Flesch et al.,

J, RM, 34 237 2001

Wilson Abrasion & Ablation Wilson Abrasion & Ablation Model Model

• G4WilsonAbrasionModel is a simplified macroscopic

G4WilsonAbrasionModel is a simplified macroscopic model for nuclear model for nuclear-

• nuclear interactions based largely on

nuclear interactions based largely on geometric arguments geometric arguments

• The speed of the simulation is found to be faster than

The speed of the simulation is found to be faster than models such as G4BinaryCascade, but at the cost of models such as G4BinaryCascade, but at the cost of accuracy. accuracy.

• A nuclear ablation has been developed to provide a

A nuclear ablation has been developed to provide a better approximation for the final nuclear fragment from better approximation for the final nuclear fragment from an abrasion interaction. an abrasion interaction.

• Performing an ablation process to simulate the de

Performing an ablation process to simulate the de-

• excitation of the nuclear pre

excitation of the nuclear pre-

• fragments, nuclear de

fragments, nuclear de-

• excitation models within Geant4 (default).

excitation models within Geant4 (default).

• G4WilsonAblationModel also prepared and uses the same

G4WilsonAblationModel also prepared and uses the same approach for selecting the final approach for selecting the final-

• state nucleus as

state nucleus as NUCFRG2 (NASA TP 3533) NUCFRG2 (NASA TP 3533)

Abrasion & Ablation Abrasion & Ablation

Ablation process Abrasion process target nucleus projectile

Validation of Validation of G4WilsonAbrasionAblation model G4WilsonAbrasionAblation model

12C-C 1050 MeV/nuc

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 C11 C10 B11 B10 Be10 Be9 Be7 Li8 Li7 Li6 He6

Fragment cross-section [mb] Abrasion + ablation Experiment NUCFRG2

Ion Physics Ion Physics EelectroMagnetic EelectroMagnetic Dissociation Dissociation

• Electromagnetic dissociation is liberation of

Electromagnetic dissociation is liberation of nucleons or nuclear fragments as a result of nucleons or nuclear fragments as a result of electromagnetic field by exchange of virtual electromagnetic field by exchange of virtual photons, rather than the strong nuclear force photons, rather than the strong nuclear force

• It is important for relativistic nuclear

It is important for relativistic nuclear-

• nuclear

nuclear interaction, especially where the proton number interaction, especially where the proton number

• f the nucleus is large
• f the nucleus is large
• G4EMDissociation model and cross section are

G4EMDissociation model and cross section are an implementation of the NUCFRG2 (NASA TP an implementation of the NUCFRG2 (NASA TP 3533) physics and treats this electromagnetic 3533) physics and treats this electromagnetic dissociation (ED). dissociation (ED).

Validation of G4EMDissociaton Model Validation of G4EMDissociaton Model and Cross Section and Cross Section

293 ± 39† 342 ± 22* 331 ± 2 N-15 + p 200 O-16 165 ± 24† 128 ± 33‡ 216 ± 2 Al-27 + p 14.5 186 ± 56 107 ± 1 Al-27 + p 3.7 Si-28 154 ± 31 124 ± 2 Na-23 + p 3.7 Mg-24 Experiment [mbarn] G4EM Dissociation [mbarn] Product from ED Energy [GeV/nuc] Projectile

B i nay C ascade Fr agm ent ed pr

• j

ect i l es C 12

• n

W at er 1 10 100 1000 14C 12C 10C 8C 13B 11B 9B 7B 15B e 13B e 11B e 9B e 7B e 5B e 8Li 6Li 4Li 9H e 7H e 5H e 3H e nucl eus Rel at i ve i nt ensi t y Ar r

• w s

i ndi cat ed nucl eus w hi ch have hal f l i f e l ess t han 10E-15 sec

C 12 on W ater C harge C hangi ng C ross Secti

• n

B i nary C ascade, Secodari es μ>0. 5, β>0. 9xβpr

i m

0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 0. 3 0. 35 0. 4 0. 45 0. 5 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Pri m ary Energy [M eV/n] C ross Secti

• n [barn]

1 2 3

Charge Changing Cross Sections C12 on Water

C 12 on W ater C harge C hangi ng C ross Secti

• n

G 4W i l son, Secodari es μ>0. 5, β>0. 9xβpr

i m

0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 0. 3 0. 35 0. 4 0. 45 0. 5 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Pri m ary Energy [M eV/n] C ross Secti

• n [barn]

1 2 3

Binary Cascade G4Wilson

Be8s are decayed artificially

Geant4 Validation List Geant4 Validation List

• 6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions

6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions intercations intercations" "

• Brief documentation: "Ions beam on different energies inc
• Brief documentation: "Ions beam on different energies incident

ident

• n different thin target materials
• n different thin target materials produce

produce

• neutrons, whose kinetic energy spectra is

neutrons, whose kinetic energy spectra is

• studied at different angles (i.e. the double

studied at different angles (i.e. the double

• differential cross

differential cross-

• sections are measured)."

sections are measured)."

• Responsible person: Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS.
• Responsible person: Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS.
• Physics List used: Specified one
• Physics List used: Specified one writen

writen by T. K. by T. K.

• Process/Model: inelastic ions processes.
• Process/Model: inelastic ions processes.
• currently only G4BinaryLightIon

currently only G4BinaryLightIon

• future G4WilsonAbrasion

future G4WilsonAbrasion

• Level on which the validation/verification is performed:
• Level on which the validation/verification is performed: process level.

process level.

• Primary Particles: Carbon12 290
• Primary Particles: Carbon12 290 MeV/n

MeV/n, 400 , 400 MeV/n MeV/n

• Neon20 400

Neon20 400 MeV/n MeV/n, 600 , 600 MeV/n MeV/n

• Argon40 400

Argon40 400 MeV/n MeV/n, 600 , 600 MeV/n MeV/n

• Target materials: Carbon, Copper, Lead.
• Target materials: Carbon, Copper, Lead.
• Observable Values:
• Observable Values: dobule

dobule differential cross sections in [ differential cross sections in [ mb/sr/MeV mb/sr/MeV] ]

• f secondary neutron at 5, 10, 20, 30,
• f secondary neutron at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 deg.

40, 60, 80 deg.

• Data:Double

Data:Double-

• differential cross sections for the neutron production from

differential cross sections for the neutron production from

• heavy

heavy-

• ion reactions at energies E/A = 290

ion reactions at energies E/A = 290-

• 600

600 MeV MeV. .

• Iwata et

Iwata et al.,Phys al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001) . Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

• Frequency of execution: only once, because of lack of man
• Frequency of execution: only once, because of lack of man power.

power.

• Source code availability: Under Preparation
• Source code availability: Under Preparation

I have 10 I have 10 more entries for Ions more entries for Ions Interactions in G4Validation List. Interactions in G4Validation List.

• 6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions

6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions intercations intercations" "

• 7) o Title: "Ions hits on several thick target materials and m

7) o Title: "Ions hits on several thick target materials and measured easured

• 8) o Title: "

8) o Title: "Pion Pion production cross sections by ions hit on several materials" production cross sections by ions hit on several materials"

• 9) o Title: "

9) o Title: "Pion Pion production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon" production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon"

• 10)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Iron ion hit

10)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several

• n several
• 11)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Silicon ion

11)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Silicon ion hit on several hit on several

• 12)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hi

12)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several t on several

• 13)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hi

13)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several t on several

• 14)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hi

14)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several t on several

• 15)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by carbon hit

15)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon"

• n carbon"

Summary of validations Summary of validations

• Neutron DD production and Yield

Neutron DD production and Yield

– – a few hundred a few hundred MeV/n MeV/n ~ 400 ~ 400 MeV/n MeV/n – – Projectile C12, Ne20, Ar40, Fe56, Xs131 Projectile C12, Ne20, Ar40, Fe56, Xs131 – – Carbon to Lead Target Carbon to Lead Target

• Fragment Particle Production

Fragment Particle Production

– – a few hundred a few hundred MeV/n MeV/n ~ a few ~ a few GeV/n GeV/n – – Projectile C12 to Fe56 Projectile C12 to Fe56 – – Carbon to Lead Target Carbon to Lead Target

• Element Production

Element Production

– – 400, 700 400, 700 MeV/n MeV/n – – Projectile Si28, Fe56 Projectile Si28, Fe56 – – H, C, Al, Cu, Ag, H, C, Al, Cu, Ag, Pb Pb Target Target

Areas where not covered by models Areas where not covered by models

• High Energy [> 10GeV/n] inelastic

High Energy [> 10GeV/n] inelastic interactions interactions

• Elastic interactions

Elastic interactions