Functions and Stacks Lecture 7 CAP 3103 06-09-2014
§2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware Register Operands Arithmetic instructions use register operands MIPS has a 32 × 32-bit register file Use for frequently accessed data Numbered 0 to 31 32- bit data called a “word” Assembler names $t0, $t1, …, $t9 for temporary values $s0, $s1, …, $s7 for saved variables Design Principle 2: Smaller is faster c.f. main memory: millions of locations Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 2
Register Operand Example C code: f = (g + h) - (i + j); f, …, j in $s0, …, $s4 Compiled MIPS code: add $t0, $s1, $s2 add $t1, $s3, $s4 sub $s0, $t0, $t1 Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 3
Memory Operands Main memory used for composite data Arrays, structures, dynamic data To apply arithmetic operations Load values from memory into registers Store result from register to memory Memory is byte addressed Each address identifies an 8-bit byte Words are aligned in memory Address must be a multiple of 4 MIPS is Big Endian Most-significant byte at least address of a word c.f. Little Endian: least-significant byte at least address Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 4
Memory Operand Example 1 C code: g = h + A[8]; g in $s1, h in $s2, base address of A in $s3 Compiled MIPS code: Index 8 requires offset of 32 4 bytes per word lw $t0, 32($s3) # load word add $s1, $s2, $t0 offset base register Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 5
MIPS R-format Instructions op rs rt rd shamt funct 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 6 bits Instruction fields op: operation code (opcode) rs: first source register number rt: second source register number rd: destination register number shamt: shift amount (00000 for now) funct: function code (extends opcode) Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 6
MIPS I-format Instructions op rs rt constant or address 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 16 bits Immediate arithmetic and load/store instructions rt: destination or source register number Constant: – 2 15 to +2 15 – 1 Address: offset added to base address in rs Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 7
MIPS J-format Instructions Jump ( j and jal ) targets could be anywhere in text segment Encode full address in instruction op address 26 bits 6 bits (Pseudo)Direct jump addressing Target address = PC 31…28 : (address × 4) Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 8
Addressing Mode Summary Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 9
§2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together C Sort Example Illustrates use of assembly instructions for a C bubble sort function Swap procedure (leaf) void swap(int v[], int k) { int temp; temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; } v in $a0, k in $a1, temp in $t0 Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 10
The Procedure Swap swap: sll $t1, $a1, 2 # $t1 = k * 4 add $t1, $a0, $t1 # $t1 = v+(k*4) # (address of v[k]) lw $t0, 0($t1) # $t0 (temp) = v[k] lw $t2, 4($t1) # $t2 = v[k+1] sw $t2, 0($t1) # v[k] = $t2 (v[k+1]) sw $t0, 4($t1) # v[k+1] = $t0 (temp) jr $ra # return to calling routine Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 11
Cfunctions main() { int i,j,k,m; What information must ... compiler/programmer i = mult(j,k); ... keep track of? m = mult(i,i); ... } /* really dumb mult function */ int mult (int mcand, int mlier){ int product = 0; while (mlier > 0) { What instructions can product = product + mcand; accomplish this? mlier = mlier -1; } return product; } Dr Dan Garcia
FunctionCall Bookkeeping Registers play a major role in keeping track of information for function calls. Register conventions: $ra Return address $a0, $a1, $a2, $a3 Arguments $v0, $v1 Return value $s0, $s1, … , $s7 Local variables Thestack is also used; more later. Dr Dan Garcia
InstructionSupport for Functions(1/6) ... sum(a,b);... /* a,b:$s0,$s1 */ } int sum(int x, int y) { C return x+y; } address (shown in decimal) 1000 M In MIPS, all instructions are 4 1004 I 1008 bytes, and stored in memory 1012 P just like data. So here we 1016 show the addresses of where S … the programs are stored. 2000 2004 Dr Dan Garcia
InstructionSupport for Functions(2/6) ... sum(a,b);... /* a,b:$s0,$s1 */ } int sum(int x, int y) { C return x+y; } address (shown in decimal) 1000 add $a0,$s0,$zero # x = a M 1004 add $a1,$s1,$zero # y = b I 1008 addi $ra,$zero,1016 #$ra=1016 1012 j sum #jump to sum P 1016 S … 2000 sum: add $v0,$a0,$a1 2004 jr $ra # new instruction Dr Dan Garcia
InstructionSupport for Functions(3/6) ... sum(a,b);... /* a,b:$s0,$s1 */ } int sum(int x, int y) { C return x+y; } • Question: Why use jr here? Why not use j ? M • Answer: sum might be called by many places, so we can’t return to a fixed place. The calling proc to sum must be I able to say “return here” somehow. P S 2000 sum: add $v0,$a0,$a1 2004 jr $ra # new instruction Dr Dan Garcia
InstructionSupport for Functions(4/6) Single instruction to jump and save return address: jump and link ( jal ) Before: 1008 addi $ra,$zero,1016 #$ra=1016 1012 j sum #goto sum After: 1008 jal sum # $ra=1012,goto sum Why have a jal ? Make the common case fast: function calls very common. Don’t have to know where code is in memory with jal ! Dr Dan Garcia
InstructionSupport for Functions(5/6) Syntax for jal (jump and link) is same as for j (jump): jal label j a l should really be called laj for “link and jump”: Step 1(link): Save address of next instruction into $ra Why next instruction? Why not current one? Step 2 (jump): Jump to the given label Dr Dan Garcia
InstructionSupport for Functions(6/6) Syntax for jr (jump register): jr register Instead of providing a label to jump to, the jr instruction provides a register which contains an address to jump to. V ery useful for function calls: j a l stores return address in register ($ra ) j r $ r a jumps back to that address Dr Dan Garcia
Nested Procedures(1/2) int sumSquare(int x, int y) { return mult (x,x)+ y; } Something called sumSquare , now sumSquare is calling mult . Sothere ’ s a value in $ra that sumSquare wants to jump back to, but this will be overwritten by the call to mult . Need to save sumSquare return address before call to mult . Dr Dan Garcia
Nested Procedures(2/2) In general, may need to save some other info in addition to $ra . When a Cprogram is run, there are 3 important memory areas allocated: Static: V ariables declared once per program, cease to exist only after execution completes. E.g., C globals ariables declared dynamically via malloc Heap: V Stack: Space to be used by procedure during execution; this is where we can save register values Dr Dan Garcia
CMemory Allocation Address ∞ Space for local vars, saved Stack procedure information $sp stack pointer Explicitly created space, Heap i.e., malloc() V ariables declared once per Static program; e.g., globals (doesn’t change size) Program (doesn’t change size) Code 0 Dr Dan Garcia
Stack stack main () Stack { proc_1(1); grows } Stack Pointer down void proc_1 (int a) { proc_2(2); } void proc_2(int b) { proc_3(3); } void proc_3 (int c) {}
Usingthe Stack (1/2) Sowe have a register $sp which always points to the last used space in the stack. T o use stack, we decrement this pointer by the amount of space we need and then fill it with info. So, how do we compile this? int sumSquare(int x, int y){ return mult (x,x)+ y; } Dr Dan Garcia
Usingthe Stack (2/2) Hand-compile int sumSquare(int x, int y) { return mult(x,x)+ y; } sumSquare: addi $sp,$sp,-8 # space on stack sw $ra, 4($sp) # save ret addr “push” sw $a1, 0($sp) # save y add $a1,$a0,$zero # mult(x,x) jal mult # call mult lw $a1, 0($sp) # restore y add $v0,$v0,$a1 # mult()+y “pop” # get ret addr lw $ra, 4($sp) # restore stack addi $sp,$sp,8 jr $ra ... mult: Dr Dan Garcia
The Sort Procedure in C Non-leaf (calls swap) void sort (int v[], int k) { int i, j; for (i = 0; i < k; i += 1) { for (j = i – 1; j >= 0 && v[j] > v[j + 1]; j -= 1) { swap(v,j); } } } v in $a0, k in $a1, i in $s0, j in $s1 Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 26
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