From Traditional to Digital Archives: The Case of Croatia Ph. D. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

From Traditional to Digital Archives: The Case of Croatia

• Ph. D. Hrvoje Stancic, associate professor

Department of Information and Communication Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb, Croatia hrvoje.stancic@zg.t-com.hr

Contents

• Introduction & brief history
• Succession and restitution
• Archives in Croatia
• ARHiNET System
• National strategy for digitization
• e-Government services
• Conclusion

8 July 1071 – King Petar Kresimir defines and confirms Rab diocese

Introduction – Croatia

• Geographic

position

3

Brief history (relevant for preserved archival materials)

1358 1391 1496 1526 1594 1606-1791 1809 1848 1868-1918 1918 1939 1941 1945-1990 2014 4

Succession and restitution

• archives
• hold records on identity – personal, institutional, state or

national

• function as places where collective memory is kept safe
• preserve historic facts
• every country tries to maintain and protect their

archival holdings

• centralistic countries – transfer of archival materials to

the centers of power

5

Succession and restitution …

• Croatian archival materials are still in Austria,

Hungary, Italy, Serbia and Slovenia

• Serbia (ex-Yugoslavia)
• capital (Belgrade)
• Archive of the Institute for military history (today Military archive),

and (today) Ministry of foreign affairs

• central institutions for gathering archival materials from other parts of the country

(i.e. from other republics within ex-Yugoslavia)

»

complete documentation from the Ministry of foreign affairs of NDH (1941-45) was removed from Zagreb to Belgrade

»

archival materials of Croatian military units and labor movement were moved to the Institute for military history in Belgrade

»

film materials

6

Succession and restitution … (Serbia)

• archival materials important for Croatia
• removed from Croatia
• created in Belgrade as the capital
• the problem significant for succession because of the

principle of functional pertinence

• each country should give the other the archival materials needed

for normal functioning of the central institutions of government

• in Belgrade, archive of the Ministry of foreign affairs was

transferred to the Military archive in spite of the decision that the materials should be returned to Croatia

7

Succession and restitution …

• Hungary
• Croatia was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire
• restitution process – from 1848
• first archival materials returned in 1949 (101 years

later)

• part of the materials were returned, some still in

Hungary

8

Succession and restitution …

• Italy
• important Croatian archival materials were removed

during the WW II

• e.g. in 1943 a gunboat from Zadar first transferred archival

materials to Italy than returned for people

• part of it was returned to ex-Yugoslavia (to Belgrade) after 1950
• complete cadaster of Istria is still in Trieste – important:
• for determining the borders between Italy, Croatia and Slovenia
• Croatian identity – names of the land property owners are in

Croatian (before they changed their names to Italian versions)

9

Succession and restitution …

• Austria
• archival materials:
• e.g. the most important part of the Dubrovnik archive was moved to

Vienna in 1833 → after the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian empire returned (but to Belgrade) → during the WW II again moved to Vienna → returned to Dubrovnik in 1949 (116 years later)

• the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) and later special convention on

restitution (1923) – Austria

• pledged to return archives, registers, maps
• all documents and papers that belong to civil, military, financial, judicial and other

authorities from the areas in question

• all of the art and antiques
• all scientific and bibliographical material

10

Succession and restitution … (Austria)

• However, the restitution got complicated
• numerous complicated issues aroused
• numerous counter-requirements
• the last restitution from Vienna was in 1990
• archival materials were returned to Slovenia and than

distributed among the republics within ex-Yugoslavia

• still in Austria – important cartographic materials,

cadaster of Military Frontier, oriental manuscripts, books

11

Succession and restitution …

• Slovenia
• some archival materials returning from Hungary

ended in Slovenia by mistake

• parish registers
• documentation on the Dalmatian railways
• materials were returned to Croatia

12

Archives in Croatia

• until 20th century – only 3 archival institutions
• early beginnings of the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb,

as we know it today, date back to the 17th century

• Zadar, first mentioned in 1390
• the central archives of the Republic of Dubrovnik date back

to 1278

• modern archival service established between 1962

and 1978

• today, archival service is under authority of the

Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia

13

Archives in Croatia …

14

• Distribution of archives in

Croatia

• 1 Croatian State Archives
• 18 regional archives
• 8 archival departments
• Most of them are still working

with the traditional archival materials but are introducing digitization activities

http://www.arhiv.hr/arhiv2/Arhivskasluzba/Arhivi-u-RH/index.htm

Archives in Croatia …

• Research (as of May 2013)

15

2 4 6 8 10 12

Existing equipment in regional archives (without CSA), n=18

Archives in Croatia …

• Research (as of May 2013)

16

5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000

Number of digital images in the archives in Croatia

Archives in Croatia …

• Research (as of May 2013)

17

10 20

Size of digital images (approximate, in TB)

Archives in Croatia …

• Research (as of May 2013)

18

Online availability of digitized materials (n=17)

ARHiNET system

• Archival network information system which covers all

archival functions: keeping, preserving, arranging and use

• f archival records
• Web application which includes several modules
• security and authorization
• description and processing of archives
• archival registers and documentation
• creators and holders of archival material
• preservation of archives
• digital contents
• education

19

ARHiNET system …

• Registry of archival fonds and collections of the Republic
• f Croatia
• 15,300 funds and collections
• 100,000 other archival units (series, files and items)
• 29,500 parish registers
• 25,000 record creators
• 7,500 records holders and owners
• 5,500 finding aids
• 3,000 bibliographical units on archival holdings
• 120,000 digital images

20

ARHiNET system …

• ARHiNET project has gained active support by the

Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia which accepted it as a national project

• ARHiNET is also a part of the operative plan

concerning the implementation of the e-Croatia Government program

• in 2009 was awarded with a Good Practice label in the

framework of the European e-Government Awards for innovations in the area enabling administrative efficiency and effectiveness

21

ARHiNET system …

22 http://arhinet.arhiv.hr/

23 Ex Libris, Seals, Coats of Arms, Autographs, Memoranda Textual materials, Graphics, Maps, Plans, Drawings, Photographs, Music scores, Sound recordings, Films, Electronic records, Objects

National strategy for digitization

• National strategy for digitization until 2020
• currently under development by the Ministry of

Culture of the Republic of Croatia

• Workgroups (total of 28 professionals)
• Archival materials
• Audiovisual materials
• Library materials
• Museum materials
• Technical coordination

24

National strategy for digitization …

• From the draft version
• strong support for
• digitization
• aggregation of digitized materials
• upload of information about digitized materials to Europeana digital library
• general goal
• increase the utilization of cultural heritage as an important resource that

encourages development, and through exploring and preserving cultural diversity in a broader European context contributes to mutual understanding, respect and social cohesion

• specific goals
• consolidate and strengthen infrastructure for digitization, usage and

preservation of digital cultural heritage

• improve the creation of new digital cultural contents

25

National strategy for digitization …

• We can expect
• increase in the number of digitization projects
• increase in the EU-funded projects
• development of a national aggregator
• aggregate information from the MLA-specific, yet hardly

interoperable systems

• increase of the visibility of the Croatian national

heritage in the Europeana

26

e-Government services

• Who is using e-Government services in Croatia

(HR)?

27

Croatia eGovernment. State of Play, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=2223

e-Government services …

28

• Maturity of e-Government

services measured in three life situations (so-called "life events")

• Starting up a business
• Studying
• Losing & finding a job

e-Government services …

29

• eID – electronic identification
• eDocuments – allows citizens and

businesses to send eDocuments

• Authentic sources – base registers

used by governments to automatically validate or fetch data relating to citizens and businesses

• eSafe – virtual repository for storing,

administering and sharing personal eData & eDocuments

• SSO – Single Sign On – access to

multiple systems without the need to log in multiple times

e-Government services

• In the near future
• proliferation of e-

Government services

• need for adjustment of

business processes

• Will lead to increase in

creation of e- Government records

30

http://www.webershandwick.nl/documents/euegovernment13august2013.pdf

e-Government services …

• Need to achieve
• internal and external interoperability of registers
• collaboration of cross-border services
• harmonization of procedures and metadata
• Need for adjustment of legal framework!
• storing records in a (national) cloud?
• Who will be responsible for
• preservation of e-records and e-registers?
• preservation of referential integrity?

Service providers? Government (agencies)? Archives? Users?

31

Conclusion

• From 14th to 21st century
• The problems of succession and restitution of archival

materials

• Could they be solved by the use of modern technologies?

Yes – digitize, make available to all, return the originals!

• New problems facing archivists
• users are creating records using different devices at different locations

(and are signing them by (advanced) digital signatures)

• Archival institutions and professionals should proactively try to

regulate and/or advise government (agencies) and service providers in implementation of new e-Government services

• keep in mind trust(worthiness) in/of digital records (as defined by IP2)

32

Resources

• ARHiNET - National archival information system, http://www.arhiv.hr/en/ARHiNET/index.htm & http://arhinet.arhiv.hr/
• Croatia eGovernment. State of Play, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=2223
• Duranti, Luciana, Rogers, Corinne, Archives in a Digital Society, http://archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/

duranti_and_rogers_archives_in_a_digital_society_final.pdf

• e-Government in Europe #digitalbydefault?, http://www.webershandwick.nl/documents/euegovernment13august2013.pdf
• International treaties, Official gazette, annex D, Zagreb, 2004, No. 2, pp. 80-82
• InterPARES 2 – Ontology, http://www.interpares.org/ip2/display_file.cfm?doc=ip2_ontology.pdf
• King Petar Kresimir's charter, Monasterium.Net, http://www.mom-ca.uni-koeln.de/mom/HR-HDA/MA/HR-HDA-876-7/charter?q=HR-HDA
• Kolanović, Josip, Ministru Vujiću je bitnije moje umirovljenje nego povrat arhivske građe, Hrvatsko slovo, Zagreb, No. 451, pp. 3-4
• Kolanović, Josip, Svjedočanstva o identitetu i povijesti Hrvata, Hrvatsko slovo, Zagreb, No. 242, pp. 3-4
• McKemmish, Sue, Recordkeeping and Archiving in the Cloud. Is There a Silver Lining?, in: Gilliland, A. et al. (Eds.), INFuture2013:

Information Governance, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 2013, pp. 17-29

• Sirotković, Hodimir, O nastanku, organizaciji, državnopravnim pitanjima i sukcesiji Države SHS, Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest, Zagreb,

1993, vol. 26, pp. 199-208

• Žitko, Salvator, Efforts of the authorities to retrieve cultural heritage still in Italy, in: Hoyer S. A. et al. (Eds.), Art works from Koper, Izola, Piran

still retained in Italy, Institute for the protection of cultural heritage of Slovenia, Regional office Piran, Piran/Ljubljana, 2005, pp. 76-81

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From Traditional to Digital Archives: The Case of Croatia

• Ph. D. Hrvoje Stancic, associate professor

Department of Information and Communication Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb, Croatia hrvoje.stancic@zg.t-com.hr

THANK YOU!