From Electric Cars to Home Energy Management Professor Dr. Thomas - - PDF document

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From Electric Cars to Home Energy Management Professor Dr. Thomas - - PDF document

May 02, 2023 219 likes •426 views

From Electric Cars to Home Energy Management Professor Dr. Thomas Brunl Director REV Project, The University of Western Australia Technical Director, WA Electric Vehicle Trial UWA Robotics&Automation Outline 1. EV History and Technology

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From Electric Cars to Home Energy Management

Professor Dr. Thomas Bräunl

Director REV Project, The University of Western Australia Technical Director, WA Electric Vehicle Trial

UWA Robotics&Automation Bräunl 2017 2

Outline

  • 1. EV History and Technology
  • 2. REV Project at UWA
  • 3. EV Trials in Western Australia
  • 4. EVs, Environment, and

Home Energy Systems

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  • 1. EV History and Technology

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Previous Waves of Electric Cars

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Photos: GM, Sony PIctures

Conspiracy Theory 1996-99 General Motors EV1 1900 Lohner-Porsche

wheel-hub motors

1975 BMW LS Electric

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UWA Robotics&Automation

Tesla Model S 2015 Porsche Panamera 2014

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What can I buy in Australia?

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Photos: Braunl, Tesla, Mitsubishi , Nissan, BMW, Porsche

Audi A3 e-tron 2016 Nissan Leaf 2012 Tesla Model X 2017 Mitsubishi Outlander 2014 BMW i3 2014 Porsche Cayenne 2014 BMW i8 2015

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Why Electric Vehicles?

Pros

Zero emissions if charged from renewables Silent at low speeds Significantly cheaper running cost Significantly cheaper servicing cost No (immediate) infrastructure required

Cons

Limited range (~150km) in combination with longer

recharge time (~20min. at DC charger)

à Sufficient for over 90% of drives: daily avg. 39km in Perth à Petrol range extenders available (plug-in hybrid)

Higher purchase price (but lower costs later)

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Battery Electric Vehicles (EV)

Advantages

  • Completely emission free if charged from renewables
  • Very efficient (no excess heat)

Cheap running costs ~0.15kWh/km ≈ 3.6ct/km day-tariff or 1.8ct/km at night Petrol car [8l, $1.50] à12ct/km à factor 7.5 (w/o tax 5.6)

  • Reduced servicing cost
  • Charge from home with clean energy: solar, wind

Disadvantages

  • Higher purchase price than petrol car (initially)
  • Limited range (will go away) in combination with
  • Long charging time (already gone)

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Plug-in Hybrids (PHEV)

Advantage

  • Drive on battery for short distances
  • Drive long distances on petrol
  • Overall low fuel consumption

Disadvantages

  • Expensive (range extender or dual drive train)
  • Small electric-only range
  • Usually no fast-charging
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EV and PHEV Range

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 BMW i8 GM Volt REV Getz REV Lotus Mitsubishi iMiEV EV Trial Focus BMW i3 Mercedes B-Electric Tesla Model S Battery Petrol range ext. UWA Robotics&Automation Bräunl 2017 10

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

What happened to hydrogen fuel cell cars??

  • Meant to be the next car technology 20 years ago …
  • … and are still 20 years away … or may never come

Advantages

  • Convenient filling
  • nce hydrogen infrastructure is in place

Disadvantages

  • Requires expensive hydrogen stations
  • Expensive fuel cells in cars
  • Hydrogen is explosive!
  • Hydrogen expensive to produce and transport
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EV Charging

Photos: Braunl, Veefil

Level 2 (7.7–21kW) Medium-fast charging in parking lots and shopping centres Level 1 (2.4kW) Slow charging at home Fast-DC (50–450kW) Fast charging at service stations Comparison Max:14.5kW

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EV Charging Standards

Photos: Yazaki, RWE

AC Charging

US and Japan

q IEC 62196-2 Type 1 (SAE J1772) q Single Phase, 120-240V, max 70A, 16.8kW

Europe

q IEC 62196-2 Type 2 (“Mennekes”) q Three Phase, 230/690V, max 63A, 43kW

China

q Earlier version of European IEC Type 2 q Three Phase

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EV Charging Standards

Photos: Yazaki, RWE, Tesla

DC Charging

Japan: • ChaDeMo Europe: • Combo Type 2 US: • Combo Type 1

  • Tesla Mennekes

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Battery Swapping

Photos: Better Place, ASBE, Belgium

1899 Battery swapping station in France 1970 Electric van, Hannover, Germany 2010 A Better Place, Israel, now bankrupt Technically feasible, but Will not work because of cost & vehicle design reasons

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Inductive Charging

Convenience Energy loss Magnetic field

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Photos: Halo IPT

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Clean Energy

Source: REUK, GreenPatentBlog, Toyota

250Wp panel = 1kWh/day = 6km per day

EVs are only as clean as the energy you put in!

  • 1. PV on car

Ø Not enough area

  • 2. Wind turbine on car

Ø No, no, no !!!

  • 3. PV/Wind turbine directly

connected to charging station

Ø Not always utilized Ø Not always usable

  • 4. Grid-connected PV/Wind

turbine on house roof

(ideally with local storage)

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Ideal House – Power Generation

1.5kWp Photovoltaic System 6kWh/day ≈ 40km/day

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EV Initiatives

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South Australia: 30% EV/PHEV in Gov. fleet by 2019 (buy 2,000 cars)

http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/index.php/tom-koutsantonis-news-releases/891-state-government-fleet-to-be-30-per-cent-low-emission-vehicles

South Korea: 30% of all new cars zero-emission from 2025 Norway: 100% of all new cars zero-emission from 2025 Netherlands: 100% of all new cars zero-emission from 2025 India: 100% of all new cars zero-emission from 2030

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  • 2. REV at UWA

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2008 REV Eco

Car: 2008 Hyundai Getz parts cost ~$15,000 Motor: Advanced DC, 28kW Controller: Curtis 1231C, 500A Instrument.: EyeBot M6 with GPS fuel gauge driver Batteries: 45 x 90Ah = 13kWh, 144V, 135kg Total weight: 1160kg (petrol), 1160kg (EV) Range: 80km (road tested) Charging: 6h Top speed: 125km/h

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2009/10 REV Racer

Car: 2002 Lotus Elise S2 parts cost ~$45,000 Motor: UQM, Powerphase 75kW regenerative braking Controller: UQM, DD45-400L, 400A Instrument.: Automotive PC (XP) fuel gauge driver Batteries: 83 x 60Ah = 16kWh 266V, 191kg Total weight: 780kg (petrol), 936kg (EV) Range: 100km Charging : 6h Top Speed: 200km/h estimate

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2010&2013 REV Formula SAE-E

q SAE introduced Hybrid League in 2008, Electric League in 2010 q Annual SAE event in Melbourne in Dec. q Sponsor

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  • 3. WA Electric Vehicle Trials

UWA Robotics&Automation

1st Australian EV Trial: 2010-13

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Driving and Charging Portal

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1st Australian Level-2 Network: 2010-15

Charging Network in Perth

  • 23 Level-2 (Type 2) charging bays
  • 1 fast-DC station
  • How much infrastructure

will be required in future?

  • Where do EVs charge?
  • When do EVs charge?
  • How to shift load?

ARC Linkage Project

  • n EV Charging Behaviour
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Trial Results

Driving and Charging q 82% of all charging events happen at only two different locations per vehicle (89% at top three locations)

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Trial Results

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Charging q Results: Peak charging time is 8am-10am with a lower base load from 10am-8pm and very little load during the night

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UWA Robotics&Automation

Trial Results

Charging q Charging stations are often occupied for a full working day, while charging only requires a few hours

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  • 5. EVs. Environment, and

Home Energy Systems

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Environmental and Health

14% of all CO2 Emissions are from Transport

Ø EVs will improve air quality and public health in metro areas

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Beyond Cars

Why stop with clean cars? ! Build green houses!!

  • After 10 years in a car (85% capacity), batteries

can be re-purposed as Second Life batteries for home energy storage

  • After another 10-20

years, batteries can be fully recycled Plus-Energy House, Berlin, 2012

Photo: urbantimes.co

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Beyond Cars

Could we have a power generation that is 100% from renewables?

Problem: Energy Storage Energy is also required when there is no sun or wind

Photos: solar-energy.co.uk, juwi.com

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Beyond Cars

Photos: Synergy/EMC, BYD

Could we have a power generation that is 100% from renewables?

What is the solution?

  • Hydro Dams (Pump water up the hill, see Canada, Scandinavia)
  • Flywheels (Mechanical energy storage)
  • Generate H2 and store for later use
  • Use large battery banks (1MWh in a sea container, e.g. Alkimos),
  • r smaller ones, e.g. 10kWh for home energy usage
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Vehicle-to-Grid vs Home-to-Grid

V2G Idea: Use huge number of EVs as storage to

q Meet peak power demands as spinning reserve q Allow more fluctuating renewables on grid

V2G Problems

q Required infrastructure (2-way charging stations + lots of them: 100x more) q Inconvenience for EV users q Technically feasible, but: Currently limited battery lifetime: $10,000 / 2,000 cycles = $5 “battery wear”

per charge in addition to ~$2 energy borrowed (daytime 10kWh)

Better: Separate home energy storage

Photo: FeaturePics.com, Elektromotive, REV

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Automated Demand-Response

Worst Possible EV Scenario aka “OEM’s Nightmare”

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Automated Demand-Response

Source: Simon Ellgas, BMW 2015

BMW ChargeForward Solution Great for all parties: utility, EV customer, OEM BMW Server

  • 1. Request

power reduction

  • 2. Inform users via app

and give chance to opt-out Power Utility

  • 3. Delay charging for

participating EVs

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  • Prof. Thomas Bräunl

The University of Western Australia Renewable Energy Vehicle Project (REV) http://REVproject.com