FP7 1 1-12-2014 Company: Dutch Organisation for Applied - - PDF document

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FP7

 TNO  The project  Why  What  How

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FP7

 Company: Dutch Organisation for Applied

Scientific Research; Knowledge centre on technical, behavioural and life sciences

 Research groups involved: Materials for

Integrated Products (MIP), Climate, Air and Sustainability (CAS), and Water Treatment (WT), contributing with their expertise on multi-material (electronic) components, eco- efficiency assessment and purification technologies FP7

 RECLAIM: “Reclamation of Gallium, Indium

and Rare-Earth Elements from Photovoltaics, Solid-State Lighting and Electronics Waste”

 Objectives:

• Technological solutions that relieve current

bottlenecks in the recycling of gallium, indium and rare-earth elements

• Demonstration of their application potential by

means of a pilot implementation in an industrial setting

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FP7

 Role:

Technological development of disconnection processes for electronic components (WP2) and recovery processes (WP3) for gallium and indium; economical/ecological studies to assess the impact of developed methodologies and technologies (WP4); consortium co-ordination (WP7) FP7

 Duration: 4 years  Start date: 1-1-2013  Resources: 596 person months  Costs: 7 Million EUR (4.7 EU)  Partners: 12*  Countries: 6*

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 Targeted results:

• Separation methods for electronic assemblies that

reduce manual work (>80% automation)

• Subsequent recovery methods that yield recycled

materials of commercial-grade quality (>99- 99.99%, depending on the element), apt to fit an industrial context and being environmentally compliant

FP7

 How:

• Development of (mech/thermal)

disconnection & sorting methods, part recognition methods and hydrometallurgical refining processes

• Impact assessments on High-value Recycling

routes, Economic aspects and Eco-efficiency Decision support

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FP7 The intensification of recycling activities for this kind of waste in Europe will bring some relief to the environmental disaster and exploitation of people under unhealthy and harsh working conditions in such regions as Guiyu (often referred to as “the E-waste capital

• f China” or “electronics graveyard”) and may

mark the end of this intrinsically unsustainable practice. FP7 Projected growth for Gallium um and Indi dium um, indicating that global supply will increasingly lag behind on demand if the current circumstances pertain. Growing demand driven by PV, SSL (light- emitting diodes, or LEDs) and electronics (integrated circuits) for gallium and by PV and electronics (LCDs) for indium

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FP7 Yttrium rium and Euro ropium pium being the most important rare earths for lighting applications, this places a particular emphasis on the availability of these specific key metals

World-wide supply and demand forecasts for Yttrium (left) and Europium (right)

FP7

 Dilute concentrations in ores of other minerals

(Bastnäsite, Monazite, ..)

 Reserves around the world: Chn 36%, Rus 19%,

US 13%, Aus 5%

 World production 2010 125 kton  95% produced by China

Export quota decreasing -35%/yr

 Need for increased production other countries

• r recycling (e.g fluorescent lighting

phosphors)

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 Scarce, critical for EU (EC 2010)  ITO (84%) Indium Tin (transparant) Oxide for

Indium based LED’s, Optical data transmission, FP/LCD displays (75%)

 5% of the Indium is used in electrical

components and semiconductors

 81% of import to EU from China  By-product of Zn, Pb ans Sn production  Worldwide production ~550 tons  Price ~500..900 US$/kg strongly fluctuating  Recycling scrap 700 tons, ~70% reclaim

potential FP7

 US: 74% in IC’s (mainly compound

semiconductor GaAs), 25% in optoelectronic devices (laser diodes, LED’s)

 Mining coupled to production of bulk Al

(Bauxite, Al2O3) and from Zn ore

 In 2010:

• Primary 106 tons (50-75% China, rest Eu, Rus)
• Refinery 177 tons (China, US, Jpn)
• Recycling 141 tons (increasing)

 Prices ~500US$/kg  Worldwide demand mainly PV and IC

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FP7

 Phosphors for lighting powders  100% Eu applied in coloring

fluorescent lamps, CRT screens

 Price

• Y >100 US$/kg
• Eu 600..1000 US$/kg

FP7 Allocat cation n of the targeted eted key y metals in curr rrent nt and prospec pectiv tive e E-waste te types pes

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 General process scheme for the recovery of

the key metals FP7

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 Objective: Selection of e-waste streams  Collection of data concerning the metals of

interest in electronic waste. As a result, a selection has been made of (green) electronic products that are of interest using as starting materials to develop: flat panel displays, printed circuit board, solar cells and lighting powders.

SELECTED WASTE STREAMS KEY METALS Flat Panel Displays indium Printed Circuit Boards neodynium, yttrium, tantalum, … Energy Efficient Lighting yttrium, europium High Efficient Solar cells (CIGS) indium, gallium

FP7

 Setups for lab-scale processes for

disconnection and sorting of E-waste parts and components (target 80%)

 Pre-treatment  Disconnection  Recognition/Sorting  Evaluation  Necessary steps prior to Recovery

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 Technological concepts for melting,

delamination, optical and spectroscopic principles FPD panel after manual dismantling

 CIGS solar cell

FP7

 Printed circuit board with mixed components

types to be studied by means of different identification techniques

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 Fluorescent lamp powders are obtained by

crushing and sieving for optimization of the recovery process, resulting in higher concentrated powder for re-use

 Flat Panel Display: hidden target metals

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 Lab/bench-scale processes of processes for

release of the target metals from E-waste parts and components (efficiency target 95%)

 Release  Concentration and purification

(remove contaminations, purity target 99%)

 Evaluation

REE/REO EO for Re-use

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FP7 Europium and Yttrium metals and some other valuable salts are present in the powder coating on the inner surface of the glass tubes

• f fluorescent lamps

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 Methodologies and selection of- and

recommendations for end-of-life routes have been investigated including already some first estimates of commercial and economical aspects.

 Recycling routes  Environmental assessment  Economical assessment  Eco-efficiency profiles Decision support tool

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 Eco-efficiency profiles for high-value

recycling routes that give directions for

• ptimal closed-loop recycling

 Example

FP7

WP starts in 2015 Separation, sorting and/or Recovery Financial aspects

 Gallium/Indium Pilot plant (PV/FPD)  Yttrium/Europium Pilot plant (Lighting)  EL components

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FP7 FP7 For more information contact RECLAIM project coördinator Marc van Kleef

Marc.vankleef@tno.nl