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First Level Gray Box Probing Uday Khedker (www.cse.iitb.ac.in/grc) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 22, 2023 •396 likes •1.55k views

Tutorial on Essential Abstractions in GCC First Level Gray Box Probing Uday Khedker (www.cse.iitb.ac.in/grc) GCC Resource Center, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay April 2011 EA-GCC,

  1. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 16/1 GIMPLE: Use of Pointers test.c test.c.004t.gimple main () { int * D.1953; int main() int * * a; { int * b; int **a,*b,c; int c; b = &c; a = &b; b = &c; **a = 10; /* c = 10 */ a = &b; } D.1953 = *a; ~ *D.1953 = 10; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  2. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 16/1 GIMPLE: Use of Pointers test.c test.c.004t.gimple main () { int * D.1953; int main() int * * a; { int * b; int **a,*b,c; int c; b = &c; a = &b; b = &c; **a = 10; /* c = 10 */ a = &b; } D.1953 = *a; ~ *D.1953 = 10; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  3. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 17/1 GIMPLE: Use of Structures test.c test.c.004t.gimple typedef struct address main () { char *name; { } addr; void * D.2052; void * D.2053; typedef struct student struct addr * D.2054; { int roll; struct addr * D.2055; addr *city; struct stud * s; } stud; D.2052 = malloc (8); int main() s = (struct stud *) D.2052; { stud *s; s->roll = 1; D.2053 = malloc (4); s = malloc(sizeof(stud)); D.2054 = (struct addr *) D.2053; s->roll = 1; s->city = D.2054; s->city=malloc(sizeof(addr)); D.2055 = s->city; s->city->name = "Mumbai"; D.2055->name = &"Mumbai"[0]; } } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  4. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 17/1 GIMPLE: Use of Structures test.c test.c.004t.gimple typedef struct address main () { char *name; { } addr; void * D.2052; void * D.2053; typedef struct student struct addr * D.2054; { int roll; struct addr * D.2055; addr *city; struct stud * s; } stud; D.2052 = malloc (8); int main() s = (struct stud *) D.2052; { stud *s; s->roll = 1; D.2053 = malloc (4); s = malloc(sizeof(stud)); D.2054 = (struct addr *) D.2053; s->roll = 1; s->city = D.2054; s->city=malloc(sizeof(addr)); D.2055 = s->city; s->city->name = "Mumbai"; D.2055->name = &"Mumbai"[0]; } } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  5. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 17/1 GIMPLE: Use of Structures test.c test.c.004t.gimple typedef struct address main () { char *name; { } addr; void * D.2052; void * D.2053; typedef struct student struct addr * D.2054; { int roll; struct addr * D.2055; addr *city; struct stud * s; } stud; D.2052 = malloc (8); int main() s = (struct stud *) D.2052; { stud *s; s->roll = 1; D.2053 = malloc (4); s = malloc(sizeof(stud)); D.2054 = (struct addr *) D.2053; s->roll = 1; s->city = D.2054; s->city=malloc(sizeof(addr)); D.2055 = s->city; s->city->name = "Mumbai"; D.2055->name = &"Mumbai"[0]; } } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  6. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 17/1 GIMPLE: Use of Structures test.c test.c.004t.gimple typedef struct address main () { char *name; { } addr; void * D.2052; void * D.2053; typedef struct student struct addr * D.2054; { int roll; struct addr * D.2055; addr *city; struct stud * s; } stud; D.2052 = malloc (8); int main() s = (struct stud *) D.2052; { stud *s; s->roll = 1; D.2053 = malloc (4); s = malloc(sizeof(stud)); D.2054 = (struct addr *) D.2053; s->roll = 1; s->city = D.2054; s->city=malloc(sizeof(addr)); D.2055 = s->city; s->city->name = "Mumbai"; D.2055->name = &"Mumbai"[0]; } } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  7. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 18/1 GIMPLE: Pointer to Array test.c test.c.004t.gimple main () { int main() int * D.2048; { int * D.2049; int *p a, a[3]; int * p a; int a[3]; p a = &a[0]; p a = &a[0]; *p a = 10; *p a = 10; *(p a+1) = 20; D.2048 = p a + 4; *(p a+2) = 30; *D.2048 = 20; } D.2049 = p a + 8; *D.2049 = 30; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  8. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 18/1 GIMPLE: Pointer to Array test.c test.c.004t.gimple main () { int main() int * D.2048; { int * D.2049; int *p a, a[3]; int * p a; int a[3]; p a = &a[0]; p a = &a[0]; *p a = 10; *p a = 10; *(p a+1) = 20; D.2048 = p a + 4; *(p a+2) = 30; *D.2048 = 20; } D.2049 = p a + 8; *D.2049 = 30; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  9. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 18/1 GIMPLE: Pointer to Array test.c test.c.004t.gimple main () { int main() int * D.2048; { int * D.2049; int *p a, a[3]; int * p a; int a[3]; p a = &a[0]; p a = &a[0]; *p a = 10; *p a = 10; *(p a+1) = 20; D.2048 = p a + 4; *(p a+2) = 30; *D.2048 = 20; } D.2049 = p a + 8; *D.2049 = 30; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  10. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 18/1 GIMPLE: Pointer to Array test.c test.c.004t.gimple main () { int main() int * D.2048; { int * D.2049; int *p a, a[3]; int * p a; int a[3]; p a = &a[0]; p a = &a[0]; *p a = 10; *p a = 10; *(p a+1) = 20; D.2048 = p a + 4; *(p a+2) = 30; *D.2048 = 20; } D.2049 = p a + 8; *D.2049 = 30; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  11. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 19/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Conditional Statements test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; while (a<=7) else goto <D.1201>; { <D.1200>: a = a+1; D.1199 = a + b; } a = D.1199 + c; if (a<=12) <D.1201>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  12. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 19/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Conditional Statements test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; while (a<=7) else goto <D.1201>; { <D.1200>: a = a+1; D.1199 = a + b; } a = D.1199 + c; if (a<=12) <D.1201>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  13. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 19/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Conditional Statements test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; while (a<=7) else goto <D.1201>; { <D.1200>: a = a+1; D.1199 = a + b; } a = D.1199 + c; if (a<=12) <D.1201>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  14. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 20/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Loops test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; goto <D.1197>; <D.1196>: while (a<=7) a = a + 1; { <D.1197>: a = a+1; if (a <= 7) goto <D.1196>; } else goto <D.1198>; if (a<=12) <D.1198>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  15. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 20/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Loops test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; goto <D.1197>; <D.1196>: while (a<=7) a = a + 1; { <D.1197>: a = a+1; if (a <= 7) goto <D.1196>; } else goto <D.1198>; if (a<=12) <D.1198>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  16. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 20/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Loops test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; goto <D.1197>; <D.1196>: while (a<=7) a = a + 1; { <D.1197>: a = a+1; if (a <= 7) goto <D.1196>; } else goto <D.1198>; if (a<=12) <D.1198>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  17. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 20/1 GIMPLE: Translation of Loops test.c test.c.004t.gimple int main() { int a=2, b=3, c=4; goto <D.1197>; <D.1196>: while (a<=7) a = a + 1; { <D.1197>: a = a+1; if (a <= 7) goto <D.1196>; } else goto <D.1198>; if (a<=12) <D.1198>: a = a+b+c; } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  18. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 21/1 Control Flow Graph: Textual View test.c.004t.gimple test.c.012t.cfg <bb 5>: if (a <= 12) goto <bb 6>; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; else else goto <D.1201>; goto <bb 7>; <D.1200>: <bb 6>: D.1199 = a + b; D.1199 = a + b; a = D.1199 + c; a = D.1199 + c; <D.1201>: <bb 7>: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  19. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 21/1 Control Flow Graph: Textual View test.c.004t.gimple test.c.012t.cfg <bb 5>: if (a <= 12) goto <bb 6>; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; else else goto <D.1201>; goto <bb 7>; <D.1200>: <bb 6>: D.1199 = a + b; D.1199 = a + b; a = D.1199 + c; a = D.1199 + c; <D.1201>: <bb 7>: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  20. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 21/1 Control Flow Graph: Textual View test.c.004t.gimple test.c.012t.cfg <bb 5>: if (a <= 12) goto <bb 6>; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; else else goto <D.1201>; goto <bb 7>; <D.1200>: <bb 6>: D.1199 = a + b; D.1199 = a + b; a = D.1199 + c; a = D.1199 + c; <D.1201>: <bb 7>: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  21. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 21/1 Control Flow Graph: Textual View test.c.004t.gimple test.c.012t.cfg <bb 5>: if (a <= 12) goto <bb 6>; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; else else goto <D.1201>; goto <bb 7>; <D.1200>: <bb 6>: D.1199 = a + b; D.1199 = a + b; a = D.1199 + c; a = D.1199 + c; <D.1201>: <bb 7>: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  22. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 21/1 Control Flow Graph: Textual View test.c.004t.gimple test.c.012t.cfg <bb 5>: if (a <= 12) goto <bb 6>; if (a <= 12) goto <D.1200>; else else goto <D.1201>; goto <bb 7>; <D.1200>: <bb 6>: D.1199 = a + b; D.1199 = a + b; a = D.1199 + c; a = D.1199 + c; <D.1201>: <bb 7>: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  23. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 22/1 Control Flow Graph: Pictorial View test.c.012t.cfg Block 4: if(a<=7) False True Block 5: Block 3: if(a<=12) a = a +1; True False Block 6: D.1199= a + b; a= D.1199 + c; Block 7: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  24. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 22/1 Control Flow Graph: Pictorial View test.c.012t.cfg Block 4: while(a < = 7) a = a + 1; if(a<=7) False True Block 5: Block 3: if(a<=12) a = a +1; True False Block 6: D.1199= a + b; a= D.1199 + c; Block 7: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  25. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 22/1 Control Flow Graph: Pictorial View test.c.012t.cfg Block 4: if(a<=7) False True if(a < = 12) a = a + b + c; Block 5: Block 3: if(a<=12) a = a +1; True False Block 6: D.1199= a + b; a= D.1199 + c; Block 7: return; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  26. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 23/1 GIMPLE: Function Calls and Call Graph test.c test.c.000i.cgraph printf/3(-1) @0xb73c7ac8 availabilit called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) extern int divide(int, int); calls: int multiply(int a, int b) divide/2(-1) @0xb73c7a10 availabilit { called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) return a*b; calls: } main/1(1) @0xb73c7958 availability:a called by: int main() calls: printf/3 (1.00 per call) { int x,y; multiply/0 (1.00 per call) x = divide(20,5); divide/2 (1.00 per call) y = multiply(x,2); multiply/0(0) @0xb73c78a0 vailabilit printf("%d\n", y); called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) } calls: Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  27. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 23/1 GIMPLE: Function Calls and Call Graph test.c test.c.000i.cgraph printf/3(-1) @0xb73c7ac8 availabilit called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) extern int divide(int, int); calls: int multiply(int a, int b) divide/2(-1) @0xb73c7a10 availabilit { called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) return a*b; calls: } main/1(1) @0xb73c7958 availability:a called by: int main() calls: printf/3 (1.00 per call) { int x,y; multiply/0 (1.00 per call) x = divide(20,5); divide/2 (1.00 per call) y = multiply(x,2); multiply/0(0) @0xb73c78a0 vailabilit printf("%d\n", y); called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) } calls: Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  28. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 23/1 GIMPLE: Function Calls and Call Graph test.c test.c.000i.cgraph printf/3(-1) @0xb73c7ac8 availabilit called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) extern int divide(int, int); calls: int multiply(int a, int b) divide/2(-1) @0xb73c7a10 availabilit { called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) return a*b; calls: } main/1(1) @0xb73c7958 availability:a called by: int main() calls: printf/3 (1.00 per call) { int x,y; multiply/0 (1.00 per call) x = divide(20,5); divide/2 (1.00 per call) y = multiply(x,2); multiply/0(0) @0xb73c78a0 vailabilit printf("%d\n", y); called by: main/1 (1.00 per call) } calls: Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  29. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 24/1 GIMPLE: Function Calls and Call Graph test.c test.c.000i.cgraph call graph printf/3(-1) extern int divide(int, int); called by: main/1 int multiply(int a, int b) calls: { divide/2(-1) main return a*b; called by: main/1 } calls: printf divide main/1(1) int main() called by: multiply { int x,y; calls: printf/3 x = divide(20,5); multiply/0 y = multiply(x,2); divide/2 printf("%d\n", y); multiply/0(0) } called by: main/1 calls: Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  30. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 24/1 GIMPLE: Function Calls and Call Graph test.c test.c.000i.cgraph call graph printf/3(-1) extern int divide(int, int); called by: main/1 int multiply(int a, int b) calls: { divide/2(-1) main return a*b; called by: main/1 } calls: printf divide main/1(1) int main() called by: multiply { int x,y; calls: printf/3 x = divide(20,5); multiply/0 y = multiply(x,2); divide/2 printf("%d\n", y); multiply/0(0) } called by: main/1 calls: Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  31. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 25/1 GIMPLE: Call Graphs for Recursive Functions test.c call graph int even(int n) { if (n == 0) return 1; else return (!odd(n-1)); } main int odd(int n) { if (n == 1) return 1; else return (!even(n-1)); } even readNumber abs printf main() { int n; odd n = abs(readNumber()); if (even(n)) printf ("n is even\n"); else printf ("n is odd\n"); } Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  32. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  33. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  34. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 x 2 3 y ( y + x ) ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  35. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 x 3 3 y ( y + x ) ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  36. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 x 3 3 y ( y + x ) 6 ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  37. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 x 3 4 y ( y + x ) 6 ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  38. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 x 3 5 y ( y + x ) 6 ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  39. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt int x=2,y=3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; What are the values of x and y? x = 10 , y =5 x 3 5 y ( y + x ) 6 ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  40. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt x = 2; int x=2,y=3; y = 3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; x = x + 1; D.1572 = y + x; What are the values of x and y? y = y + 1; x = 10 , y =5 x = D.1572 + y; y = y + 1; x 3 5 y ( y + x ) 6 ( y + x ) + y 11 Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  41. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt x = 2; int x=2,y=3; y = 3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; x = x + 1; /* 3 */ D.1572 = y + x; What are the values of x and y? y = y + 1; x = 10 , y =5 x = D.1572 + y; y = y + 1; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  42. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt x = 2; int x=2,y=3; y = 3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; x = x + 1; /* 3 */ D.1572 = y + x; /* 6 */ What are the values of x and y? y = y + 1; x = 10 , y =5 x = D.1572 + y; y = y + 1; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  43. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt x = 2; int x=2,y=3; y = 3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; x = x + 1; /* 3 */ D.1572 = y + x; /* 6 */ What are the values of x and y? y = y + 1; /* 4 */ x = 10 , y =5 x = D.1572 + y; y = y + 1; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  44. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt x = 2; int x=2,y=3; y = 3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; x = x + 1; /* 3 */ D.1572 = y + x; /* 6 */ What are the values of x and y? y = y + 1; /* 4 */ x = 10 , y =5 x = D.1572 + y; /* 10 */ y = y + 1; Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  45. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining GIMPLE Dumps 26/1 Inspect GIMPLE When in Doubt x = 2; int x=2,y=3; y = 3; x = y++ + ++x + ++y; x = x + 1; /* 3 */ D.1572 = y + x; /* 6 */ What are the values of x and y? y = y + 1; /* 4 */ x = 10 , y =5 x = D.1572 + y; /* 10 */ y = y + 1; /* 5 */ Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  46. Part 3 Examining RTL Dumps

  47. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  48. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ set (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) mem plus (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI plus mem 1 (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI reg 54 plus -4 (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) reg 54 -4 (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  49. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ set (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) mem plus (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI plus mem 1 (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI reg 54 plus -4 (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) reg 54 -4 (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  50. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 a is a local variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand allocated on stack (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ set (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) mem plus (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI plus mem 1 (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI reg 54 plus -4 (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) reg 54 -4 (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  51. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 a is a local variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand allocated on stack (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ set (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) mem plus (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI plus mem 1 (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI reg 54 plus -4 (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) reg 54 -4 (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  52. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 side-effect of plus may Dump file: test.c.141r.expand modify condition code register non-deterministically (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ parallel (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) set clobber (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI . . . . . . (mem/c/i:SI reg:CC (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  53. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 27/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (1) Translation of a = a + 1 Dump file: test.c.141r.expand Output with slim suffix {[r54:SI-0x4]=[r54:SI-0x4]+0x1; (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ clobber flags:CC; (set (mem/c/i:SI } (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  54. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  55. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI Current Instruction (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  56. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI Previous Instruction (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  57. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI Next Instruction (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  58. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI Basic Block (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  59. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI File name: Line number (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  60. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI memory reference (mem/c/i:SI that does not trap (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  61. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI scalar that is not a (mem/c/i:SI part of an aggregate (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  62. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI register that (mem/c/i:SI holds a pointer (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  63. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 28/1 Additional Information in RTL (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:24 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI single integer (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 54 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [0xfffffffc])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  64. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 29/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (2) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a global variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 11 10 12 4 t.c:26 (set (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:26 (parallel [ (set (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ]) (plus:SI (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) (insn 13 12 14 4 t.c:26 (set (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ])) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  65. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 29/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (2) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a global variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 11 10 12 4 t.c:26 (set (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) Load a into reg64 (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:26 (parallel [ (set (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ]) (plus:SI (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) (insn 13 12 14 4 t.c:26 (set (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ])) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  66. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 29/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (2) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a global variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 11 10 12 4 t.c:26 (set (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) Load a into reg64 (mem/c/i:SI reg63 = reg64 + 1 (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:26 (parallel [ (set (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ]) (plus:SI (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) (insn 13 12 14 4 t.c:26 (set (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ])) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  67. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 29/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (2) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a global variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 11 10 12 4 t.c:26 (set (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) Load a into reg64 (mem/c/i:SI reg63 = reg64 + 1 (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) store reg63 into a (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:26 (parallel [ (set (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ]) (plus:SI (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) (insn 13 12 14 4 t.c:26 (set (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ])) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  68. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 29/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (2) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a global variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 11 10 12 4 t.c:26 (set (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) Load a into reg64 (mem/c/i:SI reg63 = reg64 + 1 (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) store reg63 into a (insn 12 11 13 4 t.c:26 (parallel [ Output with slim suffix (set (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ]) (plus:SI r64:SI=[‘a’] (reg:SI 64 [ a.0 ]) {r63:SI=r64:SI+0x1; (const_int 1 [0x1]))) clobber flags:CC; (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) } ]) -1 (nil)) [‘a’]=r63:SI (insn 13 12 14 4 t.c:26 (set (mem/c/i:SI (symbol_ref:SI ("a") <var_decl 0xb7d8d000 a>) [0 a+0 (reg:SI 63 [ a.1 ])) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  69. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 30/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (3) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  70. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 30/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (3) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand Access through argument pointer register instead of (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ frame pointer register (set (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  71. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 30/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (3) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand Access through argument pointer register instead of (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ frame pointer register (set No offset required? (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  72. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 30/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operations (3) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand Access through argument pointer register instead of (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ frame pointer register (set No offset required? (mem/c/i:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) Output with slim suffix (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI {[r53:SI]=[r53:SI]+0x1; (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) clobber flags:CC; (const_int 1 [0x1]))) } (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  73. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 31/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operation (4) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is the second formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  74. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 31/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operation (4) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is the second formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ (set Offset 4 added to the argument (mem/c/i:SI pointer register (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  75. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 31/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operation (4) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is the second formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ (set Offset 4 added to the argument (mem/c/i:SI pointer register (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) When a is the first parameter, its (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) offset is 0! (plus:SI (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  76. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 31/1 RTL for i386: Arithmetic Operation (4) Translation of a = a + 1 when a is the second formal parameter Dump file: test.c.141r.expand (insn 10 9 11 4 t1.c:25 (parallel [ (set Offset 4 added to the argument (mem/c/i:SI pointer register (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) When a is the first parameter, its (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) offset is 0! (plus:SI Output with slim suffix (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI {[r53:SI+0x4]=[r53:SI+0x4]+0x1; (reg/f:SI 53 virtual-incoming-args) clobber flags:CC; (const_int 4 [0x4])) [0 a+0 S4 A32]) } (const_int 1 [0x1]))) (clobber (reg:CC 17 flags)) ]) -1 (nil)) Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

  77. EA-GCC, Chamonix Graybox Probing-I: Examining RTL Dumps 32/1 RTL for spim: Arithmetic Operations Translation of a = a + 1 when a is a local variable Dump file: test.c.141r.expand r39=stack($fp - 4) r40=r39+1 stack($fp - 4)=r40 (insn 7 6 8 4 test.c:6 (set (reg:SI 39) (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 33 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [...])) [...])) -1 (nil)) (insn 8 7 9 4 test.c:6 (set (reg:SI 40) (plus:SI (reg:SI 39) (const_int 1 [...]))) -1 (nil)) (insn 9 8 10 4 test.c:6 (set (mem/c/i:SI (plus:SI (reg/f:SI 33 virtual-stack-vars) (const_int -4 [...])) [...]) (reg:SI 40)) -1 (nil)) In spim, a variable is loaded into register to perform any instruction, hence three instructions are generated Uday Khedker GRC, IIT Bombay

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