EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS D. Octavio de Toledo. Mlaga, 16-18 november, 2016 Fire and Evacuation Modeling Technical Technical Conference (FEMTC) 2016 Mlaga (Spain), November 16-18, 2016 EVACUATION

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

Daniel Octavio de Toledo

danieltoledo@geocontrol.es

Rafael Sánchez

rsanchez@geocontrol.es

Fire and Evacuation Modeling Technical Technical Conference (FEMTC) 2016 Málaga (Spain), November 16-18, 2016

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

1.- Introduction. 2.- Subway stations.

2.1. Cut & Cover stations. 2.2. Cavern stations.

3.- Modeling of the fire event.

3.1. HRR curve of the fire. 3.2. Model for Cut & Cover and Cavern stations with Pyrosim. 3.3. Ventilation strategy.

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations.

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations. 4.2.- Cavern stations.

5.- Conclusions

INDEX

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

1.- Introduction

  • Fire safety in subway stations

Big concern.

  • Arson attacks in subway trains.
  • Firestarr Project arson stated as the main cause of fire in

rail and subway trains.

  • UK data: 2.911 fires in trains (from 1992 to 2000), 77,8% of which

involving passenger trains 56% due to arson attacks.

  • Platform Screen Doors (PSD)

Effect on evacuation and safety?

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

1.- Introduction

  • Platform Screen Doors (PSD).
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

2.- Subway stations

  • Two kind of stations considered in this study:
  • Cut & Cover stations.

Their main feature is their big volume Escalators, stairs in the platform. Total volume: 135m (long) x 25,5m (wide) x 6,75m (high). Platform’s surface: 135m (long) x 9m (wide).

  • Cavern stations.

Less volume than C&C Escalators, stairs in access shaft and connected to the platform through passageways. Total volume: 135m (long) x 17m (wide) x 6m (high). Platform’s surface: 135m (long) x 4,25m (wide).

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

2.- Subway stations

2.1.- Cut & Cover

  • Cut & Cover station: Crossrail Paddington (London, UK)
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

2.- Subway stations

2.1.- Cut & Cover

  • Cut & Cover station: Crossrail Paddington (London, UK)
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

2.- Subway stations

2.2.- Cavern

  • Cavern station: design concept of Cavern stations in Line 6 subway in Santiago, Chile
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

2.- Subway stations

2.2.- Cavern

  • Cavern station: Chueca station’s platform in Line 5 (Madrid, Spain)
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016
  • HRR fire curve: Eureka project

Subway car.

  • Reference documents: EN 45545, Subway Design Handbook, ASHRAE Handbook, Firestarr

project.

3.- Modeling of the fire event

3.1.- HRR fire curve

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

3.- Modeling of the fire event

3.2.- Model for C&C and Cavern stations

  • Cut & Cover station
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

3.- Modeling of the fire event

3.2.- Model for C&C and Cavern stations

  • Cavern station
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

3.- Modeling of the fire event

3.3.- Ventilation strategy

  • Strategy A: with PSD
  • Exhaust ventilation from the station: 83,3 m3/s (CyC), 61,1 m3/s (Cavern)
  • Exhaust ventilation from the tunnel: 87,5 m3/s
  • It makes compatible exhausting from the station and from the tunnel simultaneously.
  • Strategy B: without PSD
  • Exhaust ventilation from the tunnel: 87,5 m3/s.
  • Exhausting from the station and from the tunnel not a good idea.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

3.- Modeling of the fire event

3.3.- Ventilation strategy

  • Strategy A: station in M5 subway line in Milan (Italy).
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016
  • Fire simulation: reference standard

NFPA 130

  • Visibility: 10m (doors, walls).
  • Temperature: threshold time for incapacitation.
  • CO concentration: threshold time for incapacitation.

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations

  • Model created with Pyrosim.
  • Means of egress on each platform:
  • Emergency door on the right side.
  • Escalator + stairs on the right side.
  • Escalator + stairs on the left side.
  • Emergency door on the left side.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • The fire starts on the last carriage on the right.
  • Each carriage is connected to each other.
  • Each carriage has 6 windows, 3 per side, which break out when T=470ºC.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • Buoyancy: the smoke heads toward the upper part of the station (no PSD).
  • Figure: Temperature levels (t=6min, 80ºC in bold).
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • Highest T users face: 80ºC in the stairs (no PSD), 80ºC close to PSD (with PSD).
  • Visibility: great differences, especially in front of the vandalized carriage.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • Visibility: great differences all along both platforms during the fire.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.1.- Cut & Cover stations

  • Evacuation simulation with Pathfinder.
  • Occupation load: 380 passengers per platform, 60 passengers in the train.
  • Time to react: variable.
  • Smoke makes passengers move slower.
  • Escalator on the right side on the most affected platform: out of service.
  • Similar time needed for evacuation: 140s (with PSD) and 148s (without PSD).
  • Passengers react quickly, low occupation load barely affected.
  • Harsh conditions: only without PSD, on the stairs.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.2.- Cavern stations

  • Model created with Pyrosim.
  • Means of egress on each platform:
  • An emergency door on each side of the platform.
  • Two passageways.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.2.- Cavern stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • The same conditions as in C&C stations.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.2.- Cavern stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • Buoyancy: the smoke heads toward the upper part of the station (no PSD).
  • Figure: Temperature levels (t=6min, 80ºC in bold).
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.2.- Cavern stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • Highest T users face: 80ºC in the stairs (no PSD), 80ºC close to PSD (with PSD).
  • Visibility: great differences, especially in front of the vandalized carriage.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.2.- Cavern stations

  • Development of the fire.
  • Visibility: great differences all along both platforms during the fire.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016

4.- Fire and evacuation simulations

4.2.- Cavern stations

  • Evacuation process with Pathfinder.
  • Occupation load: 380 passengers per platform, 60 passengers in the train.
  • Time to react: variable.
  • Smoke makes passengers move slower.
  • Escalator on the right side on the most affected platform: out of service.
  • Similar time needed for evacuation: 121s (with PSD) and 116s (without PSD).
  • Passengers react quickly, low occupation load barely affected.
  • Harsh conditions: only without PSD.
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EVACUATION CONDITIONS IN SUBWAY STATIONS WITH PLATFORM SCREEN DOORS

  • D. Octavio de Toledo. Málaga, 16-18 november, 2016
  • Occupation load: key factor.
  • PSD offer better evacuating conditions.
  • PSD make compatible exhaust from tunnel + station.
  • Time for detection: great relevancy.

5.- Conclusions