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Environmental profile of PV mass production: globalization Mariska de Wild-Scholten 26 th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg 8 September 2011 Outline Life Cycle Assessment Energy payback time & Globalization

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Environmental profile of PV mass production: globalization

Mariska de Wild-Scholten

26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg 8 September 2011

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Outline

  • Life Cycle Assessment
  • Energy payback time
  • Carbon footprint
  • Data request

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& Globalization

  • f the PV industry
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Life Cycle Assessment

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Determination of environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave/cradle

ISO14040 series

Life Cycle Assessment framework

Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation

8 September 2011 Mariska de Wild-Scholten

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Life Cycle

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manufacturing use installation recycling transport transport transport mining & refining

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Market share of cell technologies

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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Photon International March 2011

  • ther

CIS CdTe a-Si/μc-Si ribbon c-Si multi c-Si mono c-Si

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5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Annual PV Production [MW]

Rest of World United States Taiwan PR China Europe Japan

Global PV production

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Arnulf Jäger-Waldau (2011)

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Global PV production

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Raspe in Sun & Wind Energy 10/2010

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Global PV production

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10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 OTHER Mexico India Spain Korea Norway USA Malaysia Taiwan Germany Japan China metric tons

data: Bernreuter 2010 29 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

silicon 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 OTHER Mexico India Spain Korea Norway USA Malaysia Taiwan Germany Japan China MWp

data: Mehta 2010 29 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

modules cells wafers

Poly-silicon production partly with local electricity (hydropower or CHP) instead of country mix

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Energy payback time

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Energy payback time

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS 2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010 14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0% 210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp Energy payback time (years)

poly-Si: hydropower wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity %: total area module efficiencies ecoinvent 2.2 database 26 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

  • n-roof installation in Southern Europe

1700 kWh/m2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules take back & recycling inverter mounting + cabling framing laminate cell ingot/crystal + wafer Si feedstock

2010

estimate

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

hydro/UCTE hydro/country country/country hydro/UCTE hydro/country country/country UCTE country mono multi CdTe

Energy Payback Time years

poly-Si / wafer-cell-module ecoinvent 2.2 database IEA Statistics Electricity 2008 29 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

PV module installed at 1700 kWh/m2.year irradiation on optimally inclined plane

Energy payback time

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sensitivity to type of electricity for electricity consumption in poly-Si, wafer, cell and module production

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Energy payback time

  • REC
  • LCA by ECN
  • Value chain A:
  • poly-Si: FBR, hydro
  • wafers/cells: Norway
  • modules: Singapore
  • Value chain B:
  • poly-Si: Siemens/FBR, hydro
  • wafers, cells, modules: Singapore

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http://www.recgroup.com/en/sustainability/

@ 1700 kWh/m2.year

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Energy payback time

8 September 2011 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Soitec (was Concentrix) Amonix CX-M400/S420 7700 25.5% 2011 2011

Energy payback time years

%: total area module efficiencies Amonix: Fthenakis, Kim ecoinvent 2.2 database mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 27 August 2011

2-axis tracking CPV system in Catania (Sicily, Italy) 1794 kWh/m2.yr direct normal irradiation (DNI) in-plane end-of-life O&M installation inverter tracking module cell

Global irradiation in Catania is 1925 kWh/m2.year

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Cold Bay (Alaska)

mariska@ smartgreenscans.nl

Dagget (California) Catania (Sicily, Italy) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 DNI 2-axis tracker kWh/m2.year GIobal Irradiation south-facing/optimized angle/no tracking kWh/m2.year

30-Year Average of Monthly Solar Radiation, 1961-1990 (U.S.A.) http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1961-1990/redbook/sum2/

DNI vs global irradiation

14 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 1794 ----------- | | | | 1925

Compare CPV with flat plate PV only for one DNI-GI combination (location)!

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Carbon footprint = life-cycle CO2-equivalent emissions

now with module degradation included: 20% / 30 years

8 September 2011 Mariska de Wild-Scholten

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10 20 30 40 50

mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS 2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010 14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0% 30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years 210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp

Carbon footprint g CO2-eq/kWh

poly-Si: hydropower wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity degradation: 20%/30 years ecoinvent 2.2 database 26 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

  • n-roof installation in Southern Europe

1700 kWh/m2.year irradiation on optimally-inclined modules takeback & recycling inverter mounting + cabling frame laminate cell wafer silicon feedstock

Carbon footprint

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2010

estimate

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Carbon Footprint

  • REC
  • LCA by ECN
  • Value chain A:
  • poly-Si: FBR, hydro
  • wafers/cells: Norway
  • modules: Singapore
  • Value chain B:
  • poly-Si: Siemens/FBR, hydro
  • wafers, cells, modules: Singapore

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http://www.recgroup.com/en/sustainability/

@ 1700 kWh/m2.year

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Carbon footprint electricity

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262 245 176 11 8 35 50 100 150 200 250 300 hard coal hard coal hard coal wind nuclear PV PC + CCS IGCC + CCS PC oxyfuel + CCS

  • incl. storage

multi cSi DE DE DE EU EU S-Europe 2020 2020 2020 2005 2005 2010 Carbon footprint g CO2-eq/kWh

PC = Pulverized Coal IGCC = Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle CCS = CO2 Capture and Storage Data Sources:

  • Viebahn 2008 (hard coal)
  • ecoinvent 2.2 (wind, nuclear)
  • this study (PV)

26 August 2011, mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

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Carbon footprint electricity

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Mexico 2008 India 2008 Spain 2005 Korea 2008 USA 2008 Malaysia 2008 Taiwan 2008 Germany 2005 Japan 2008 China 2008 UCTE 2005

hard coal lignite peat

  • il

natural gas industrial gas hydropower nuclear power photovoltaic wind power cogeneration

  • ther

waste

634 868 526 639 778 1012 889 680 589 1166 531 500 1000 1500 Mexico 2008 India 2008 Spain 2005 Korea 2008 USA 2008 Malaysia 2008 Taiwan 2008 Germany 2005 Japan 2008 China 2008 UCTE 2005 gram CO2-eq/kWh --- IPCC2007 GWP100a

high uncertainty top production locations

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Carbon footprint

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

hydro/UCTE hydro/country country/country hydro/UCTE hydro/country country/country UCTE country mono multi CdTe

Carbon Footprint g CO2-eq/kWh

poly-Si / wafer-cell-module module degradation: 20%/30 years ecoinvent 2.2 database IEA Statistics Electricity 2008 29 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

PV module installed at 1700 kWh/m2.year irradiation on optimally inclined plane

sensitivity to type of electricity for electricity consumption in poly-Si, wafer, cell and module production

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Installation location

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http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_opt/PVGIS-EuropeSolarPotential.pdf

kWh/m2.year 1700 DE CZ IT

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“The” carbon footprint of multi c-Si PV system

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98 73 59 49 42 37 33 29 27

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g CO2-eq/kWh

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Data & assumptions

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mono multi μm-Si CdTe CIS DATA SOURCES poly-silicon 1 1 ingot/wafer 1 3 cell Schottler2009 2 + Schottler2009 module same as multi 2 Oerlikon Solar THINFAB First Solar DE, US, MY DE mounting 1 1 1 1 1 inverter ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 KEY PARAMETERS wafer thickness 180 μm 180 μm cell size 156 mm x 156 mm 156 mm x 156 mm module size 6 x 10 cells 6 x 10 cells glass single single double double double EVA or PVB EVA EVA EVA EVA PVB frame yes yes no no yes mounting on -roof Schletter Schletter fiX Schletter (cSi) Schletter (cSi) inverter 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW module recycling via glass recycler via glass recycler

  • excl. filtercake recycling

same as CdTe average total module effic 14.4% 14.1% 10.0% 11.3% 11.0% degradation (%/year) 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 performance ratio 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

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Data request

  • Update renewable energy data in GEMIS:
  • Project financed by BMU (German Federal Ministry for

the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

  • draft/final report ready 31 October/November 2011
  • Update ecoinvent database:
  • deadline data delivery to ecoinvent 31 December

2011

  • Excel data template is available on request

(english & chinese)

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Conclusions

Energy payback time & environmental impacts / kWh produced depend on production and installation location. For commercial roof-top PV system with Siemens poly-Si from hydropower and wafer/cell/module from UCTE electricity, installed in Southern Europe (1700 kWh/m2.year)

  • Energy payback time ~0.8-1.7 years
  • Carbon footprint

~19-34 g CO2-eq/kWh

  • More data needed to reduce uncertainty in

analysis & make it more representative

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Acknowledgements:

BMU Certisolis First Solar

Further info:

http://smartgreenscans.nl/

  • download this presentation
  • free energy payback time tool thin film PV module

IEA PVPS Task 12 EPIA Sustainability Working Group

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Thank you!

Tropical Aquarium Hagenbeck in Hamburg