[PPT] - Environmental Impacts through Geothermal Power Generation in Germany PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

Institute for Energy and Environment (IE) Federal Environment Agency of Germany (UBA)

Environmental Impacts through Geothermal Power Generation in Germany

A study for the Federal Environment Agency of Germany

ENGINE Workshop 6, Athens, 14 September 2007 Stephanie Frick, Christiane Lohse, Martin Kaltschmitt

SLIDE 2

Introduction

Geothermal energy has experienced a rising interest in

Germany

A wider use needs to result in general benefits for the

environment compared to the existing alternatives

The environmental impacts need to be analysed at the

beginning of the market introduction The Federal Environment Agency of Germany (UBA) has commissioned a study

SLIDE 3

Approach of the study

Plant-specific conditions Legal conditions 2 3 Local impact assessment 4 Conclusions and advices 5 Subsurface systems Surface systems Status of geothermal power production Environmental Analysis and Evaluation 1 Life Cycle Assessment

SLIDE 4

Plant-specific conditions Legal conditions 2 3 4 5 Subsurface systems Surface systems Status of geothermal power production Environmental Analysis and Evaluation 1 Local impact assessment Conclusions and advices Life Cycle Assessment

SLIDE 5

Rostock Berlin Hannover Köln München Stuttgart Hamburg Leipzig Dresden Frankfurt

South German Molasse Basin Reservoir depth 3.4 km Brine temp. 120°C Flow rate 550 m3/h

El. gross power

3 MW (Th. capacity 13 MW) Upper Rhine Valley Reservoir depth 3.0 km Brine temp. 150°C Flow rate 150 m3/h

El. capacity

3MW (Th. capacity 7 MW)

Regions with hydro-geoth. energy resources

North German Basin Reservoir depth 4.4 km Brine temp. 150°C Flow rate 100 m3/h

El. capacity

1 MW (Th. capacity 2 MW)

Geothermal reference systems Aquifer-Doublets for power (& heat)

SLIDE 6

Renewable energies

Solid Biomass
Biogas
Photovoltaik
Wind
Hydropower

Fossil energies

Lignite
Hard coal
Natural gas

Non-geothermal reference systems for power (& heat)

SLIDE 7

Plant-specific conditions Legal conditions 2 3 4 5 Subsurface systems Surface systems Status of geothermal power production Environmental Analysis and Evaluation 1 Local impact assessment Conclusions and advices Life Cycle Assessment

SLIDE 8

Life Cycle Assessment

Methodology -

Consumption of finite energy carrier (KEA-Equivalent) Anthropogenic greenhouse effect (CO2-Equivalent) Acidification of natural eco-systems (SO2-Equivalent) Emissions with eutrophication potential (PO3

4- Equivalent)

Potential of ground-level ozone synthesis (POCP-Equivalent) …

SLIDE 9

Life Cycle Assessment

Approach -

LCA geothermal reference systems Sensitivity analysis influence of: Plant size (stimulation, borehole concept, flow rate) Power plant cycle (ORC, Kalina) Cooling cycle (wet cooling tower, dry condensation) Drilling rig input (diesel driven, electricity driven) Technical lifetime System boarder (net-electr. and gross-electr. balancing) LCA non-geothermal systems

SLIDE 10

Life Cycle Assessment

Exemplary results (power) -

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4

ORG 3MW* SDMB 3MW* NDB 1MW*

Verbr. ersch. Ressourcen in GJ/MWh

... 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10

ORG 3MW* S DMB 3MW* NDB 1MW*

CO

2-Äquivalent in t/MWh

... 0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

ORG 3MW* S DMB 3MW* NDB 1MW*

SO2-Äquivalent in kg/MWh ... 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 ORG 3MW* SDMB 3MW* NDB 1MW* Bau unter Tage Bau über Tage Betrieb Abriss POCP-Äquivalent in kg/MWh ... ORG Oberrheingraben; SDMB Süddeutsches Molassebecken; NDB Norddeutsches Becken; * Aquifer-Dublette mit ORC (Nasskühlturm), Nettoeinspeisung 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 ORG 3MW* SDMB 3MW* NDB 1MW* PO

4-Äquivalent in kg/MWh

...

Aquifer-Doublet with ORC plant (wet cooling tower); net-power assessment URV Upper Rhine Valley SGMB South-German Molasse Bassin NGB North-German Bassin subsurface constr.

peration

surface constr. deconstruction

KEA-Equ in GJ/MWh SO2 -Equ in kg/MWh POCP -Equ in kg/MWh CO2 -Equ in t/MWh PO3

4-Equ in kg/MWh

URV SGMB NGB URV SGMB NGB

SLIDE 11

24
18
12
6

6

ORG 3MW* SDMB 3MW* NDB 1MW*

Verbr. ersch. Ressourcen in GJ/MWh

...

1,5
1,2
0,9
0,6
0,3

0,0 0,3 0,6

ORG 3MW* S DMB 3MW* NDB 1MW*

CO

2-Äquivalent in t/MWh

...

1,5
1,0
0,5

0,0 0,5 1,0

ORG 3MW* S DMB 3MW* NDB 1MW*

SO2-Äquivalent in kg/MWh ...

0,16
0,12
0,08
0,04

0,00 0,04 0,08 ORG 3MW* SDMB 3MW* NDB 1MW* Bau unter Tage Bau über Tage Betrieb Abriss Wärmegutschrift Summe POCP-Äquivalent in kg/MWh ... * Aquifer-Dublette mit ORC (Nasskühlturm) + Restwärmeauskopplung, Nettoeinspeisung ORG Oberrheingraben; SDMB Süddeutsches Molassebecken; NDB Norddeutsches Becken;

0,15
0,10
0,05

0,00 0,05 0,10 ORG 3MW* SDMB 3MW* NDB 1MW* PO

4-Äquivalent in kg/MWh

...

* Aquifer-Doublet with ORC plant (wet cooling tower) + heat supply; net-power assessment URV Upper Rhine Valley SGMB South-German Molasse Bassin NGB North-German Bassin subsurface constr.

peration

heat credit surface constr. deconstruction sum

Life Cycle Assessment

Exemplary results (power&heat) -

KEA-Equ in GJ/MWh SO2 -Equ in kg/MWh POCP -Equ in kg/MWh CO2 -Equ in t/MWh PO3

4-Equ in kg/MWh

URV SGMB NGB URV SGMB NGB

SLIDE 12

1

1 2 3 4

1

Verbr. ersch. Energie-

ressourcen in GJ//MWh 7,2 8,7 8,9

0,4
0,2

0,0 0,2 0,4

1

CO2-Äquivalentin t/MWh 0,8 1,0

0,7 (Gutschrift)
0,5

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5

1

SO2-Äquivalentin kg/MWh 7,2 (Summe)

12,7 (Gutschrift)
0,05

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15

1

PO 4-Äquivalentin kg/MWh 0,4 (Summe)

2,4 (Gutschrift)
0,025

0,000 0,025 0,050 0,075 0,100

m

a s s e v e r b r . 2 M W i

m

a s s e v e r g . 2 M W B i

g

a s 5 k W P V 5 k W p P V 1 M W p k r a f t

n

s h

r

e 2 , 5 M W d k r a f t

n

s h

r

e 5 M W n d k r a f t

f

f s h

r

e 5 M W W a s s e r k r a f t 3 k W W a s s e r k r a f t 3 M W

t

h e r m i e O R G 3 M W

t

h e r m i e S D M B 3 M W e

t

h e r m i e N D B 1 M W E r d g a s 8 M W S t e i n k

h

l e 8 M W B r a u n k

h

l e 8 M W POCP-Äquivalent in kg/MWh

0,07 (Summe)

Bau, Abriss Betrieb Brennstoffbereitstellung Gutschriften Summe

Life Cycle Assessment

Exemplary results (power) -

(de-)construct.

peration

fuel provision credits sum

Biomass Biogas PV Wind Hydro Geo Fossil

KEA-Equ in GJ/MWh SO2 -Equ in kg/MWh POCP-Equ in kg/MWh CO2 -Equ in t/MWh PO3

4-Equ in

kg/MWh

sum

Bau, Abriss Betrieb Brennstoffbereitstellung Gutschriften Summe Bau, Abriss Betrieb Brennstoffbereitstellung Gutschriften Summe

(de-)construct.

peration

fuel provision credits sum

SLIDE 13

10
5

5 10 15

B i

m

a s s e v e r g . 5 k W B i

m

a s s e v e r b r . 5 M W B i

g

a s

B

H K W 5 k W G e

t

h e r m i e O R G 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e S D M B 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e N D B 1 M W E r d g a s 5 M W S t e i n k

h

l e 8 M W B r a u n k

h

l e 8 M W

Verbr. ersch. Energie-

ressourcen in GJ//MWh

21 (Summe)
1,5
1,0
0,5

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5

B i

m

a s s e v e r g . 5 k W B i

m

a s s e v e r b r . 5 M W B i

g

a s

B

H K W 5 k W G e

t

h e r m i e O R G 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e S D M B 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e N D B 1 M W E r d g a s 5 M W S t e i n k

h

l e 8 M W B r a u n k

h

l e 8 M W

CO2-Äquivalentin t/MWh

2
1

1 2 3 4

B i

m

a s s e v e r g . 5 k W B i

m

a s s e v e r b r . 5 M W B i

g

a s

B

H K W 5 k W G e

t

h e r m i e O R G 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e S D M B 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e N D B 1 M W E r d g a s 5 M W S t e i n k

h

l e 8 M W B r a u n k

h

l e 8 M W

SO2-Äquivalentin kg/MWh

12,8

15,5

0,2

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 B i

m

a s s e v e r g . 5 k W B i

m

a s s e v e r b r . 5 M W B i

g

a s

B

H K W 5 k W G e

t

h e r m i e O R G 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e S D M B 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e N D B 1 M W E r d g a s 5 M W S t e i n k

h

l e 8 M W B r a u n k

h

l e 8 M W

PO 4-Äquivalentin kg/MWh

2,4

2,8

0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05

0,00 0,05 0,10 B i

m

a s s e v e r g . 5 k W B i

m

a s s e v e r b r . 5 M W B i

g

a s

B

H K W 5 k W G e

t

h e r m i e O R G 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e S D M B 3 M W G e

t

h e r m i e N D B 1 M W E r d g a s 5 M W S t e i n k

h

l e 8 M W B r a u n k

h

l e 8 M W

POCP-Äquivalentin kg/MWh

Bau, Abriss Betrieb Brennstoffbereitstellung Gutschriften Wärmegutschrift Summe

(de-)construction

misc. credits
peration

heat credit fuel provision sum

Biomass Biogas Geo Fossil

Life Cycle Assessment

Exemplary results (heat&power) -

KEA-Equ in GJ/MWh SO2 -Equ in kg/MWh POCP-Equ in kg/MWh CO2 -Equ in t/MWh PO3

4-Equ in

kg/MWh

Bau, Abriss Betrieb Brennstoffbereitstellung Gutschriften Wärmegutschrift Summe Bau, Abriss Betrieb Brennstoffbereitstellung Gutschriften Wärmegutschrift Summe

(de-)construction

misc. credits
peration

heat credit fuel provision sum

SLIDE 14

Plant-specific conditions Legal conditions 2 3 4 5 Subsurface systems Surface systems Status of geothermal power production Environmental Analysis and Evaluation 1 Local impact assessment Conclusions and advices Life Cycle Assessment

SLIDE 15

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

SLIDE 16

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

SLIDE 17

Analysis of appearance probability (Analysis of site-

and plant-specific conditions)

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

SLIDE 18

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

Analysis of appearance probability (Analysis of site-

and plant-specific conditions)

Analysis of technical avoidance measures

(Analysis of the state of the art)

SLIDE 19

Analysis of appearance probability (Analysis of site-

and plant-specific conditions)

Analysis of technical avoidance measures

(Analysis of the state of the art)

Analysis of regulations/ directives

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

SLIDE 20

Analysis of appearance probability (Analysis of site-

and plant-specific conditions)

Analysis of technical avoidance measures

(Analysis of the state of the art)

Analysis of regulations/ directives Analysis and evaluation

f expected environm.

impacts (impact, duration,

mitigation measures, …)

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

SLIDE 21

Analysis of appearance probability (Analysis of site-

and plant-specific conditions)

Analysis of technical avoidance measures

(Analysis of the state of the art)

Analysis of regulations/ directives Analysis and evaluation

f expected environm.

impacts (impact, duration,

mitigation measures, …)

Analysis and Evaluation

f the existing regulations

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Methodology -

SLIDE 22

Plant-specific conditions Legal conditions 2 3 4 5 Subsurface systems Surface systems Status of geothermal power production Environmental Analysis and Evaluation 1 Local impact assessment Conclusions and advices Life Cycle Assessment

SLIDE 23

Normalbetrieb Störfall Mensch Tier Pflanzen/Biotope Oberflächenwasser Grundwasser Tiefenwasser Boden Untergrund/Gestein Luft Mikroklima Landschaft/Erhol.raum Mensch Tier Pflanzen/Biotope Oberflächenwasser Grundwasser Tiefenwasser Boden Untergrund/Gestein Luft Mikroklima Landschaft/Erhol.raum

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Exemplary results -

Sufficient regulations Unsufficient regulations Normal operation Failure all systems subsurface closed systems subsurface open systems Aquifer-systems HDR-systems

Ground motion Material emissions Hydraulic short-circuit Thermal emissions Borehole blow-out Water demand Soil excavation/ Soil compaction Noise emissions Waste accumulation/disposal Land use Visual impact Induced microseismicitiy

Subsurface construction

SLIDE 24

Sufficient regulations Unsufficient regulations Normal operation Failure all systems subsurface closed systems subsurface open systems Aquifer-systems HDR-systems

Hydraulic alternations Soil subsidence Cooling Material emissions Water demand Thermal emissions Land use Waste accumulation/disposal * Site-specific environmental impact

Local Environmental Impact Analysis

Exemplary results -

Subsurface operation

SLIDE 25

Conclusions & advices

Hydro-geothermal power generation has a good Life Cycle

performance compared to the analysed alternatives

A hydro-geothermal power and heat supply has a better

Life Cycle performance than the analysed alternatives

The local environmental impacts through hydro-geothermal

power generation are sufficiently regulated

Geothermal power generation can contribute to a

sustainable energy provision in Germany…

SLIDE 26

Conclusions & advices

… but following advices for the policy can be derived :

Scientific monitoring Promotion of further R&D Adjustment of regulations to geothermal particularities Strengthened promotion of heating networks Public information Not ONE geothermal conept is the environmental

ptimum it is the site-specif over-all concept

SLIDE 27

Thank you very much for your attention!

Stephanie Frick Frick@gfz-postdam.de, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) (formerly Institute for Energy and Environment (IE)) Christiane Lohse Christiane.Lohse@uba.de, Federal Environment Agency (UBA) Martin Kaltschmitt Kaltschmitt@tu-harburg.de, Institute for Energy and Environment (IE) and Institute for Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology

Dieses Vorhaben wurde im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes im Rahmen des Umwelt- forschungsplanes – Förderkennzeichen 205 42 110 erstellt und mit Bundesmitteln finanziert.

SLIDE 28

Basic conditions

geothermal reference systems -

Upper Rhine Valley South-German Molasse Bassin North-German Basin Reservoir parameters Borehole concept Aquifer-Doublet a Aquifer-Doublet a Aquifer-Doublet a Borehole depth in km 3,0 3,4 4,4 Brine temperature in °C 150 120 150 Total brine flow in m3/h 300 b 550 c 100 b PI i bzw. II i in m3/(h MPa) 60 b 200 c 20 b Technical lifetime in a 30 d 30 d 30 d Power plant Electrical power in MWel 3 e 3 e 1 e Efficiency f in % 12 f 10 f 12 f

El. full load hours in h/a

7.500 g; 7.300 h 7.500 g; 7.200 h 7.500 g; 7.300 h Heat provision Feed / return temperature in °C 70 / 50 70 / 50 70 / 50 Thermal power in MWth 7 13 2

Th. full load hours in h/a

1.800 1.800 1.800

a vertical borehole in the Upper Rhine Valley with a distance of 1.000 m; b hydraulically stimulated, source: /GGA 2006/; c chemically stimulated, source: /GGA 2006/, /GTN 2005/; d feed pump 4 a, power plant, heat exchanger 15 a; e ORC-plant

with forced air-cooled wet cooling tower; f design-point efficiency, source: own calculation, /Köhler 2005/; g only power provision; h power and heat provision; i productivity- resp. injectivity-index

SLIDE 29

El. power

in MWel

El. full load hours

in h/a

El. efficiency / th. rate
f utilisation in %

Technical lifetime in a Solid biomass Biomass gasification a (GuD b) 20 7.500 42 15 Biomass gasification a (GuD a-CHP c) 0,5 7.500 27 / 38 15 Fluidized bed combustion d (D e) 20 7.500 30 15 Grate firing d (D e-CHP c) 5 7.500 7 / 12 15 Biogas Biogas block power plant f 0,5 7.500 36 15 Biogas block heat and power plant f 0,5 7.500 36 / 47 15 Photovoltaics Roof-top system g 0,005 800 20 Open space system g 1 1.000 20 Windenergy Onshore wind energy plant 2,5 1.400 20 Onshore wind energy plant 5 2.000 20 Offshore wind energy plant 5 4.500 15

a 100 % forestry wood; b Gas and steam plant; c Combined heat and power; d 50 % waste wood, 50 % forestry wood; e Steam

process; f wet fermentation of 70% cattle and swine liquid manure and 30 % renewable primary products; g polycristalline modules

Basic conditions

non-geothermal reference systems -

SLIDE 30

El. power

in MWel

El. full load hours

in h/a

El. efficiency / th. rate
f utilisation in %

Technical lifetime in a Hydroenergy „small“ hydroelectric power plant 0,3 4.300 45 „large“ hydroelectric power plant 30 4.500 45 Fossil fuels Natural gas (GuD a) 800 5.000 58 25 Natural gas (GuD a-CHP b) 500 5.000 48 / 40 25 Hard coal dust firing (D c) 800 7.000 45 30 Hard coal dust firing (D c-CHP b) 800 4.000 36 / 30 30 Lignite dust firing (D c) 800 8.000 42 30 Lignite dust firing (D c-CHP b) 800 4.000 32 / 30 30

a gas and steam plant; b combined heat and power; c Steam process;

Basic conditions

non-geothermal reference systems -