EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements: particle capture Highlights: - Particulate emissions from heavy duty diesel engines – focus on soot and black carbon - Particle number concentration measurements - Particle removal in wet scrubbers - Strategies to capture fine particles in wet scrubber Vessel Technical Services srl Università Federico II of Naples Luca D’Addio – TECHNICAL and R&D Responsible Francesco Di Natale, Assistant Professor Via Fausto Coppi, 11 Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" 80010 Quarto – Napoli, Italy P.le Vincenzo Tecchio, 80 80125 - Napoli (Italy) Email: luca.daddio@vtssrl.com Email francesco.dinatale@unina.it
IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Emissions of Particulate matter EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
Impact of maritime transport emissions on air quality in Europe PM 0.5 On average, shipping emissions contribute with 1-7% to annual mean PM 10 levels, with1-20% to PM 2.5 , and with 8-11% to PM 1 >8% • The impact of maritime transport on air quality is high. • The contribution of maritime transport >11% on fine particle is even greater. Viana et. al.[21], 2014 EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Particle emission characteristics PM of diesel exhaust gas comprises: (a) a mass dominant, coarse, fraction made by sulfates and water associated to sulphates (d p >2 μ m) (b) Ash, the combustion product of lubricating EC oil and minor amounts of metal compounds d p - [ µ m] in the fuel (d p >1 μ m) Ash,� Sulphates... 20� μ m OM 100� nm (c) An organic fraction, dominant by number, 20� nm made by elemental (EC stable T>350°C) and organic matter (OM unstable at T>350°C) coming from lube oil and fuel Marine transportation accounts for : 1-5% BC g.e. 10� nm Di Natale and Carotenuto (2015) Black Carbon: 0.07 MTons/year Particulate Matter: 0.7 MTons/year Black Carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material [ … ]. BC contains more than 80% carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths. The strength of the light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle. EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Particle Size Distribution Ref. [3] PM of diesel exhaust gas: 1. Is affected by sulphur and ash contents of the fuel 2. EC and OM depend on combustion conditions 3. EC and OM is almost unchanged using biodiesel, LSO or ULSF [4] 1.6 % Sulphur [7] 0.05 % Sulphur [6] 2.2% Sulphur [23] EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Particle Toxicity Associated Pathologies Rhinitis Nose Tracheitis Larynx Bronchitis Asthma Bronchi Reduced Lung performances Secondary Bronchi Terminal Bronchi Cardiovascular illness Soot particles are related to severe pathologies and Alveoli classified as carcinogenic of Class I by the World Lung and cardiovascular cancer (WHO 2012) Health Organization. 3-8% mortality correlable to shipping [8] Researches are still ongoing, but several authors highlighted the impact on air quality in port cities, expecially in USA & EU. (e.g. [8-11]) EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How to make particle measurements? EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How to make particle measurements? Mass concentration, mg/Nm 3 - Easy to measure – filtration - Mirror the S content of the fuel - Not related to DPM toxicity What? Total number conentration, 1/Nm 3 - Count by condensation particles counters (CPC) - Gives the overall picture Where? - May be an effective term of comparison Particle size distribution, PSD - Requires specific instruments How? - Available online - Experience allow correlation with toxicologic effects Chemical analysis + PSD - Provide deeper insigths on DPM properties and associated exposure risk - Typical of scientific studies - Partially offline EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How to make particle measurements? Ship stack - Cold fumes - More effective to assess toxicity - On-board technique What? cheme.caltech.edu Where? Ship plume: - Plume aging effects; - Better for climate and atmospheric studies www.brighthubengineering.com How? and for long distance toxicity Ship engine exhaust - Stationary or travelling - Hot fumes (helicopter/airplane) - Larger number of finer facility particles which evolve later (coagulation/condensation) - On-board technique EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How to make particle measurements? The choice of a particle instrumente depends : What? • Particle size • Particle concentration • Acquisition rate Where? • Sampling flow rate • Laboratory or field measures? • Instrument cost How? EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How measure PM – The sampling procedure Thermodenuder T>100°C Dilution • Heating at 350°C The sampling must be isocinetically Dilution • All the sampling pipes must be metal made • Sampling poin up to the thermodenuder must be heated to avoid water condensation. • Particle sample need to be heated at ≈350 °C to eliminate volatile particles (about 2/3 of the total particles [23]). • Due to the high particle number concentration, the particle analyser generally requires a particle dilution. • The first dilution must be carried out at T>100°C to avoid water condensation. PSD measurement EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How scrubber remove PM? EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
How scrubber remove PM? Impact Collisional Droplet Scavenging Particle cone efficiency concentration rate concentration n d 2 E D t d N D ( t ) D ( ), r d t p , D ( t ) d U ( t ) p p p 4 • Inertial impact: E in ↑ - d p ↑ - U ↑ • Directional interception: E DI ↑ - d p ↑ - U ↑ • Brownian diffusion: E BD ↑ - d p ↓ • For large d p inertial forces prevail E tot <1 • For small d p diffusion forces prevails EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
Wet Scrubbers performances Scrubber • ΔP ( mbar) – 5-12 • Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) – 0.5-2.2 k $ • Operating costs (1000Nm 3 ) – 0.8-28 k $/y • Application limits - Up to 170,000Nm 3 /h, scrubbing water >3L/Nm 3 , Gas up to 170,000Nm 3 /h Are wet scrubbers able to capture PM? Venturi Scrubber Considering • Considering ΔP ( mbar) – 25-200 • Energy (KWh/1000Nm 3 ) – 0.5-6 numbers (PM<1) mass (PM>1) • Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) – 1.9-17.0 k $ NO YES • Operating costs (1000Nm 3 ) – 2.4-70 k $/y • Application limits – Gas up to 100,000Nm 3 /h, temperature up to 370°C, scrubbing water 0.5-5L/Nm 3 IPPC- Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector McKenna [17] EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 Luca D’Addio 25 TH & 26 TH February 2016 – Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements
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